Non-identity problem and the ethics of climate change Free Essay Example, 1250 words

At this point, we invite Barry’s notion of holding the generation to the habitual environment by their predecessors. As Barry articulates this principle, â€Å"A legitimate origin of different outcomes for different people is that they have made different voluntary choices. Some of these choices have bad outcomes and are responsible to provide a prima facie case for compensation. As a principle that applies to the concept of moral responsibility that provide a prima facie case for compensation. Collectively, Roberts believes as a principle that applies the concept of moral responsibility, there are issues of distributive justice which should be responded to 50. In this case, voluntary acts and choices determine the extent to which they might be held responsible for them, setting up several conceptual quandaries with significant implications for global climate policy. A close problem being noted is concerns of collective responsibility to entire nations for harm resulting from anthropogenic climate change. The normative sense of responsibility applied here requires moral agency that is typically on ly individual persons. Convincingly, different groups can be regarded as moral agents proactively. Reflectively, holding entire groups are responsible for the action of some members will violate the principle of responsibility. Drawing examples, it is objected that industrialized nations are responsible for climate change, which is merely shorthand for attributing responsibility to large groups of individual persons that collectively responsibility reduces to individual responsibility. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-identity problem and the ethics of climate change or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Reflectively, Woollard believes that the attribution of responsibility might reference national culture or policy that is innately collective products rather than the sort of thing that can be attributed to individual separately 690. Rightly, the global regime must allocate emissions caps to nations themselves, which are not too particular individuals to assess liability at the national rather than individual level. In most cases, the predicted impacts of climate change involve ecosystem disruptions, economic instability, political and heightened social and international conflicts. The permeable question, in this case, concerns the legal responsibility of the same. Given that climate change must hold parties liable for climate-related harm, it is important to construct a fair and effective climate regime which requires the beginning with a philosophical account for responsibility in order to ensure that legal attributions of responsibility are prope rly understood.

Risk Management Analysis Of J.p - 1997 Words

Risk Management Analysis of J.P. Morgan Private Bank FIN6383-Final Case Study Shiyang Wang Introduction J.P. Morgan Private Bank was one of the most successful banking services globally. It offered high-end financial products and services with professional risk management team. In financial crisis, the Private Bank successfully survived with relatively great performance. This paper would exposit the key to their success of risk management by answering six questions. 1. How successful Morgan’s Private Bank was in managing its risks during 2008-2009? Why? During the volatile and instable period, the risk was obviously brought to a new level. Morgan’s Private Bank kept their eyes open all the time. I concluded two main aspects. Firstly,†¦show more content†¦Then in late 2008, their discussion was to reduce the risk to the lowest level. 30% of the portfolios were cash and only 25% was invested in equities. Under Embedded risk management, investment team and risk team could update their views quickly and made efficient decisions. Secondly, the balance between using Model and exercising judgment was conductive to risk management. Before crisis, Medigan and Zhikharev did not believe VAR was good enough to measure risks and only worked for normal distributed assets. They came up with a new tool called Global Access Risk Factor Model. The new risk tool enhanced the judgment and helped make some wise decisions in managing risk. The model helped to keep everyone honest. In the summer 2008, the Model performed as expected. It made sure the portfolios were adjusted accordingly with their views of macro environment. In March 2009, the Model suggested to add more risk in order to get higher return. However, the Global Access team still believed the market was not going to recover yet. They did not count on the Model and decided to take cautious steps. On one side, they had downside-protected trades by limit premium and quickly took gain and cut loos. On the other side, they carefully chose trades with strong fundamenta l value. For the year 2009, they portfolios behaved significantly well. Other than the two

Marshall School of Business Essay Example For Students

Marshall School of Business Essay University of Southern CaliforniaMARKETING 465GLOBAL MARKETING MANAGEMENTSpring, 2011Faculty:Dennis A. Schorr, Ph.D. Office: ACC 226Phone: 740-5041E-mail: Office Hours: Mon. 3:30-5:30 P.M. or by appointmentCourse Objectives:The major objectives of this course are to: a) Understand the key characteristics of various country markets and howto develop marketing plans in diverse environments b) Appreciate the limitations of an ethnocentric approach tointernational marketing and develop a complex, global perspective onmarketing c) Understand the role of marketing in a companys global strategy andlearn how to develop global marketing strategies d) Develop a multidimensional, nuanced perspective on marketingstandardization vs. adaptation and learn how to balance the pressuresfor globalization vs. localization of the various elements of themarketing mix e) Appreciate the roles of global, regional, and local brands in acompanys portfolio and learn how to manage effectively each type ofproduct or serviceIn support of these goals, the course is divided into five major topicareas. The first topic area focuses on the opportunitiesandchallenges of international marketing and how to assess countryenvironmental factors that are most relevant to the management ofinternational marketing. The second topic area concentrates on how toselect markets to enter and how to develop international and globalmarketing strategies. The third topic area examines the similaritiesand differences in product markets across countries and how to developmarketing strategies for various types of products and services. Thefourth topic area deals with how to develop product policy in theinternational contextincludingthemanagementofbranding,positioning, product attributes, and packaging. The fifth topic areaisconcernedwithhowtodevelopdistribution/retailing,advertising/promotional, and pricing policies in the internationalcontext including how to manage the tradeoffs of standardization vs. adaptation associated with each element of the marketingmix. Throughout the course, a variety of country markets in various regionsof the world will be discussed and a variety of different types ofproducts and services will be addressed. Class Sessions:The class sessions will focus on the understanding of major concepts,frameworks, and analytical tools used in global marketing and theapplication of these concepts, frameworks, andtoolstotheunderstanding of real-world situations. The textbook chapters aredesigned as background reading to introduce the major concepts in thefield. Readings are chosen to expose you to recent trends in globalmarketing. Case discussions will develop your skills in applying theconcepts to actual managerial situations. Assignments and exerciseswill also assist in developing your knowledge and competencies in thearea. Class sessions will consist of lectures in which conceptualmaterial will be clarified and of discussions of cases, readings,exercises, and concepts to allow you to practice applying thematerial. Before each class session, you should read the assignedtextbook chapters, readings, and cases and be prepared to discuss themin class. Course Evaluation:25%Midterm Exam25%Final Exam10%Class Participation10%Group Assignment # 110%Group Assignment # 210%Group Assignment # 310%Group Assignment # 4As an important part of the learning in this course comes from class,you are expected to participate actively in class sessions. The levelof class discussions and how much you gain from them depend in largepart on how well prepared you are for each class and how actively youtake part in the discussions. Thus, your level of preparation forclass sessions and participation in discussions will be factored intothe final evaluation. I realize that occasionally it is not possibleto attend class. You can miss up to three class sessions without itaffecting your grade; however, if you miss more than three sessions,it could have an impact on your participation grade. Occasionally, Iwill ask groups to make informal presentations in class; theseinformal presentations will be factored into the participation grade. Enduring Love EssayCourse Outline:Week 1Introduction and Overview:International Marketing Opportunities and Challenges1/11 No Preparation for Today1/13 Textbook: Chapter 1 (KG)Week 2International Marketing Opportunities and Challenges:Assessing the Cultural and Social Environment1/18 Textbook: Chapter 4 (KG)Case:Marketing an Industrial Product in LatinAmerica (Case 14-2 KG)1/20 Case:Barbie: Growing Pains as the AmericanGirl Goes Global (To Be Distributed)Week 3International Marketing Opportunities and Challenges:Assessing the Economic, Financial, and TechnologicalEnvironment1/25 Textbook: Chapter 2 (KG)1/27 Case:From Communism to Capitalism: VietnamsEconomic Transformation (Case 2-3 KG)Week 4International Marketing Opportunities and Challenges:Assessing the Political and Regulatory Environment2/1Textbook: Chapters 3 5 (KG)2/3Reading:Article on European Integration (PCR)Case:Gambling Goes Global on the Internet(Case 5-2 KG)Due: Group Assignment # 1Week 5Global Marketing Strategy:En tering New Markets and Allocating Resources AcrossCountries2/8Case:Citibank: Launching the Credit Card inAsia Pacific (PCR)2/10 Textbook: Chapter 6 (KG)Week 6Global Marketing Strategy:Understanding the Relationships Between Business Strategyand Marketing2/15 Textbook: Chapter 16 (KG)2/17 Case:Proctor Gamble Europe: Vizir Launch(PCR)Week 7Global Marketing Strategy:Balancing the Pressures for Standardization vs. Adaptation2/22 Case:Kao Corporation (PCR)2/24 Textbook: Chapter 9 (KG)Due: Group Assignment # 2Week 8International Product and Service Markets:Analyzing Customers and Competitors3/1Textbook: Chapter 7 (KG)Case:Emdico (A) (PCR)3/3Case:The Youth of the World Proclaim, We WantOur MTV! (Case 7-3 KG)Week 9International Product and Service Markets:Analyzing Company Resources and Level of MarketDevelopment3/8Exam:Midterm Exam3/10 Case:McDonalds Expands Globally WhileAdjusting Its Local Recipe (Case 1-2 KG)Week 10Global Product Policy:Managing Branding and Positioning3/22 Textbook: C hapter 17 (KG)Reading:How Global Brands Compete (PCR)Case:Fair Trade Coffee: Ethics, Religion, andSustainable Production (Case 4-2 KG)3/24 Textbook: Chapter 10 (KG)Case:Samsung Electronics Co.: Global Marketing Operations (PCR)Week 11Global Product Policy:Designing Product Attributes and Packaging3/29 Reading:The Battle for Chinas Good-Enough Market (PCR)Case:The Smart Car (Case 10-2 KG)3/31 Case:Procter Gamble: Balancing Global vs. Local Concerns in the Worldwide Feminine CareBusiness (PCR)Due: Group Assignment # 3Week 12The Global Marketing Mix:Analyzing the Advertising, Promotional, and CommunicationsEnvironment4/5Textbook: Chapter 13 (KG)Case:Cola Wars in China: The Future is Here(PCR)4/7Textbook: Chapter 14 (KG)Case:The Global Brand Face-Off (PCR)Week 13The Global Marketing Mix:Developing Advertising, Promotional, and CommunicationsCampaignsThe Internet and Global Marketing4/12 Textbook: Chapter 15 (KG)4/14 Case:DeRemate.com: Building a Latin AmericanInternet AuctionSite (PCR)eBay in Asia (Case 15-2 KG)Due: Group Assignment # 4Week 14The Global Marketing Mix:Managing Pricing and Distribution Channels4/19 Reading:A New Alliance for Global Change (PCR)Case:Unilever in India: Hindustan LeversProject Shakti (PCR)4/21 Textbook: Chapters 8 ; 11 (KG)Week 15The Global Marketing Mix:Managing Distribution Channels and Retailing4/26 Case:Carrefour Seeks Growth Abroad (Case 12-2KG)Costco: The Globalization of an Americ anRetailer (On Blackboard)4/28 Textbook: Chapter 12 (KG)Week 16Final Examination5/11 Due: Final Exam, Wednesday, May 11, 2:00PM-4:00PM

Moment of Discovery Essay Example For Students

Moment of Discovery Essay The high-pitched sound of a horn beeping in the driveway caught my attention. I looked up and sprinted to the window. Peering through the window, I heard Michaelas mother shout from downstairs, Jeana! Your mothers here!   Quickly, I gathered my scattered belongings, shoved them into my bag, said my goodbyes, and slammed the door behind me. I scampered down the stairs rapidly, knowing my mother was in a hurry. When I finally reached the car, I was struggling to catch my breath. I opened the door and plopped down on the seat, tossing my bag in the back seat. Immediately, the car began moving backward. I buckled my seatbelt and tried to get comfortable. After a few moments passed, my mother spoke up and asked, What did you do today?   OH!   I replied in excitement, We went swimming, and played a couple of games. It was a lot of fun. How was your day?   Well,   my mother responded with a pause, Do you remember when your cousin Jenny went through chemotherapy for her Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma seven years ago?   I sat there with no answer, and suddenly began to recall way back when I was seven years old. Memories came racing back into my mind. I remember going to the hospital to visit her, and my parents telling me she was very, very sick. They told me we had to be extremely careful not to bring germs into her room. Her once luscious, long, dark brown hair was gone. She looked exhausted, like she could give up at any moment, but she didnt. Cords were hooked all over her body supplying medicine to make her better. She was dressed in a hospital gown, which was not the most flattering thing in the world, but somehow she still looked beautiful. She was smiling through it all, showing everyone around her that she was strong enough to beat cancer. Although, we all knew deep, down inside, that this was the hardest experience she has ever gone through. It was not just going to go away over night like the common cold or flu. She had to fight for her life to overcome this disease, and she did, at least so I thought. Yes,   I answered, no longer with excitement knowing something was terribly wrong. The doctors told us that the tumors stopped growing and were no longer malignant. But, this time the cancer came back stronger, and progressing faster than before. The only option she has is to have a stem cell transplant, which will hopefully cure her. Because of this, she will have to stay in the hospital for a month while she undergoes extensive chemotherapy in order to prepare for the stem cell transplant.   Why does she have to get ready for the stem cell transplant? How come they cant just do it now?   I questioned. They need to lower her immune system down to basically nothing before they do the transplant, so her body doesnt fight the transplant off. This is very dangerous because she can easily pick up other infections. But, all we can do is hope and pray for the best.   I sat in the car in silence, taking all of this in. I looked out the window trying to avoid eye contact with my mother; I knew she was crying and I felt as if I would begin at any moment. I didnt understand why bad things happen to such kind-hearted, loving people. This car ride changed my mood from upbeat and carefree to sad and confused. We didnt know how this treatment would react with her body, and for all we knew it could lead to death. .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 , .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .postImageUrl , .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 , .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3:hover , .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3:visited , .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3:active { border:0!important; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3:active , .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3 .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5a7623cb13a958ce6ff24679e705d6a3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosa parks EssayThis car ride could not be over fast enough. I just wanted to be in my bed, escaping from the world for a bit, while I sorted things out in my head. My cousin, Jenny, is by far one of the biggest role models in my life. She fought cancer off, not once, but twice. When I was seven years old, I didnt exactly understand how cancer would change her life. I didnt know it could come back again, even stronger than the first time. I thought once it was gone, it would always be gone. Cancer has brought my family closer together; we didnt understand how much we needed each other until adversity struck. We learned to take one day at a time and not rush things. Being positive through all this commotion made me into a stronger person. We learned to laugh through the hard times and never take a moment together for granted. Tears watered our frowns blooming forth smiles and drowned our sobs, bringing forth laughter. We were each others support group, always there when one of us was down. This experience has made me into the person I am today. I learned to appreciate little moments with loved ones, and never take a person for granted because you never know when reality will hit.

Chapter2Rhythm, Rhyme and Meter of Poetry Flashcard

Chapter2:Rhythm, Rhyme and Meter of Poetry

Developing a Sociological Imagination †Sociology Essay

Developing a Sociological Imagination – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers Developing a Sociological Imagination Sociology Essay Introduction -‘The sociological imagination’ is a term used by sociologist C. Wright Mills to identify the concern that sociology has with determining the connections between individual behaviour and the forces which have shaped it. (Van Krieken, Smith, Habibis, McDonald, Haralambos and Holborn, 2000: 5) In an attempt to demonstrate the creative development of a sociological imagination, the Ibrahim Warde article ‘Work: the new cult?’ (2002:59): how individuals are effected by work, or more specifically, the current trends of work culture and the effects this has on individuals, will be explored by using the critical thought processes identified by Mills and by addressing the key questions suggested by Evan Willis (1995:16-22), being what is happening, why is it happening?, what are the consequences?, how do we know? and how could it be otherwise? Body * What is happening? Using United States workers as an example, Warde testifies that they work harder than their counterparts anywhere in the industrial world’. In what appears to be a direct correlation, the US is experiencing ‘great prosperity and a substantial rise in productivity’. (2002:59) Perhaps in an attempt to re-create past securities and in response to levels of profitability and employee satisfaction, workplaces are striving to become lifestyle friendly by creating fun workplaces to fulfil physical, psychological and emotional needs of employees by creating workplaces that allow employees to continue working ever increasing hours. (Warde, 2002). *Why? Reasons stated by Warde in his article for individuals working these increased hours are so they are able to afford things they feel they should have because wages are not keeping up with lifestyle wants and needs. Companies are looking for ways to boost employee morale in times of economic instability, to increase profits and improve productivity, to compensate for not increasing wages or benefits in the traditional way and are able to justify these reasons by creating an ethos of ‘building the future and changing the world’. (2002:59) * What are the consequences? What we are left with are hard working individuals that have no time for family or leisure- creating dysfunctional relationships and low morale and companies that encourage separation of their employees from the community (Warde, 2002) and who, in creating these ‘corporate campus’ societies, appear to then have the right to expect more from employees. * How could it be otherwise? What then, are ways as a society that we can improve this situation? What are the impacts of working long hours on families and relationships? For individuals, options might be job sharing or accepting that lifestyle choices are sometimes out of reach. In this vein, perhaps if there was a shift in consumer purchasing, then lifestyle ‘needs’ might be forced to become more affordable. Individuals placing more importance on relationships and family instead of work may also be an important step forward. Companies could look at relocating costs spent creating and maintaining corporate campus’ and put this back into wages and/or benefits or using rewards and recognition for the employees standard of work as opposed to the amount of time that they work. Companies may need to take the view that a way to boost morale and improve productivity may mean employing more people to spread the workload and not glorifying overwork so as to alleviate pressure on employees. Conclusion Where then does this leave the individual? In a society where job security is decreasing and being a part of a highly rated ‘fun’ workplace that meets all of a persons needs is seen as a privilege, has the creation of these workplaces alleviated pressure on the individual or created more? What are the consequences on family and society? Is it possible to live without high price consumer goods and the biggest house on the street? What are the future implications for a society that believes that three cars, a boat and a holiday house will make them happy – even if they never get to enjoy any of it because they’re in the office? * Main points summarised very briefly * The broader implications and significance of the topic, and * brief comment on future possibilities/recommendations/strategies Research Papers on Developing a Sociological Imagination - Sociology EssayTwilight of the UAWMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export Quotas

Female Genital Mutilation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Female Genital Mutilation - Essay Example First, it will be good to note the most prevalent villages in the area that practice FGM. This information may be obtained from schools that is liaising with teachers to ask the students if they are practicing FGM back at home or from reports in hospital or chiefs office. Once the targeted area are identified, a committee is made to help come up with strategies of sensitizing people on the harm it causes to our women and urge members to be on   the lookout.Meetings are then held in specific villages as teachers are also told to educate students in schools of the dangers to the girl child especially on their health and economic impacts as described above. To help stop communities or families from practicing, rules are set that impede them but if one is caught, they have to adhere to the consequences.It is of importance to educate professionals in schools so that they help sensitize students on the dangers of FGM, this will help change the incoming generation, since they are in prepa ration, in health sectors it will be of importance because most people seek health services and in the part of health education, the health personnel will be able to educate the lucky few. This in general, will create professional support for women trying hard to educate the public on why FGM is a violation of human rights and has no medical value and in support, they will be able to minimize such acts if not eradicating. This has made people especially children grow knowing that it is one of their rights.

Job Search Websites Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Job Search Websites Report - Essay Example Monster.com was the first site to be assessed. This is the site with perhaps the most name recognition of the three, and was a pioneer in the web-based job search engine market. Compared to the other sites, Monster's home page is rather busy and a bit cluttered. This is owed largely to what seems like Monster's attempt to branch out into related services, such as resume writing and a new degree program search engine. Fortunately, the tabbed interface easily cuts through the clutter and allows the user to rather intuitively link to desired tools and features. Although each tab contains some links that are rather nebulous, it is still easy to find the most helpful features the website has to offer. The most critical feature, the simple job search is front and center on the home page, and easily enabled the test search for this study to be run. Entering "software engineer" in te key words field, and choosing Boston, Massachusetts from the location pull down (there was no way to select all of Massachusetts, only specific locations within the state) resulted in a stop screen prompting the user to enter a student loan payoff sweepstakes. Clicking the "no thank you" link took the user to the search results. There were 697 hits organized reverse chronologically in 14 pages of 50 hits each. The hit list included the posting date, position title, company name, and location.

Compare and contrast ideas developed in Crime and Punishment, and The Essay

Compare and contrast ideas developed in Crime and Punishment, and The Trial - Essay Example In The Trial, by Franz Kafka, the defendant, K, is put through an ordeal that has no meaning attached to it because his crime is not revealed to him. The nature of crime is in the knowledge of it, but often the concept of crime is divorced from society through an inability for the people within a society to connect to it. Crime can be defined, then, as the acts of individuals that are against the desires of the authority and elite of society. The nature of crime is controversial. According to Henry and Lanier (2001), when asked about the nature of crime one of the burning questions is whether or not a crime is a crime if the law that designates it a crime is repealed. There was a time when racially motivated actions, domestic abuse, and white collar crimes were not designated as crime through law. Did this mean that they were not crimes? If it was legal to beat one’s wife, was it criminal to do so? By defining crime through strictly law structured contexts, then anything not d efined as illegal is not a crime. The definition of crime is then seen as something that defies a law. Crime can be defined by looking at the context of an action as well. ... Few, however, would define theft of food as anything other than a crime. Taking resources that belong to someone else is considered theft, even when one party has abundance and the other is in need. Defining crime is important because, as Henry and Lanier (2001) write, â€Å"policy decisions concerning social control are made based on a particular definition of crime† (p. 1). An example can be seen through defining what is considered to be a right within a society. In American society there are no rights to food, shelter, or health care. In other societies there are a number of rights afforded to human beings through various structures that entitle them to those rights. If someone were denied health care in the United Kingdom where healthcare is socialized it might be considered a crime under the right circumstances. In the United States, if a doctor refuses to see a patient who cannot pay it is simply considered good business. Crime, then, is defined by the social priorities of a society as they address their beliefs and needs in relationship to how they structure their law. There are a number of approaches through which law is addressed. The first is through the consensus view of crime. This view suggests that crime is defined by what all members of a society designate as criminal. Victimless crimes, such as drug abuse, are defined as crime because the belief systems in society have determined that such an act deserves attention by the courts and is criminal. Society chooses to address the actions of people that are believed to be harmful, even when harm is individual. The conflict view sees society of a number of groups that are in conflict with one another. In this case â€Å"Criminal laws†¦are viewed as acts created to protect the haves from the

Social Construction of Crime

Social Construction of Crime The essay focuses on the social construction of crime, and the possible reasons for these social constructions. In the first section, the essay explains what crime is, and the constructionist perspective theory. In the Second section my essay focuses on the crime as socially constructed and why it is socially constructed. In the third section essay explains, three levels of explanation in the study of deviant and criminal behaviour. In the final section, it focuses on the historical theoretical periods, which plays an important role in revitalising past discoveries. Crime is a term that refers to many types of misconduct that is forbidden by law. There are a number of different reasons as to why crime can be viewed as a social construction. There cannot be social problems that are not the product of social construction naming, labelling, defining and mapping them into place through which we can make sense of them (Clarke, 2001). In this essay I will explain what is social construction, also what crime is, and why we think, that crime is socially constructed. Furthermore, I will explain how media construct crime and the stigma of black crime. In the last paragraph I will explore the importance of Marxist and Durkheims theories on the emergence of crime. There is no doubt that crime is socially constructed. The constructionist perspective draws on a very different sociological inheritance, one that treats society as a matrix of meaning. It accords a central role to the processes of constructing, producing and circulating meanings. Within this perspective, we cannot grasp reality in a direct and unmediated way Reality is always mediated by meaning (John Clarke p.6). Indeed, some of its proponents argue that what we experience is the social construction of reality (Berger, 1967). How something or someone is named, identified and placed within a map of the social orders has profound consequences for how we act towards it or them (Becker, 1963). Public concern over crime relates mainly to theft and violence, which are regarded as being serious enough to warrant sustained attention from the police. This concern, reflected in periodic moral panics, tends to ensure that many of those who are involved in theft and criminal violence do so as a form of secondary deviation. As a result, many of them develop a criminal identity (Becker, H. S, 1963). The national British crime survey (BCS) reports showed that the risk of being victims of crime is shaped by locality, lifestyle, age, gender and ethnicity. BCS confirm that the risk of being a victim of contact crime are highest for men those aged under 30, those living in intercity areas and those living in privately rented accommodation. Noon the less according to the BCS it is frequently those who are least at risk of crime who are most anxious about it, notably older people and women(May et al,2009). The very good example of how crime can be socially constructed is Black Crime (McLaughlin, 264). During the early 1970s indicated, that the media has continued to project an image of Britain as a white society (Hartman 1974). Crime and criminality came to be the central motif that constructed black people as a problem presence, and also signifying that they were not really British (McLaughlin, 264).   Gilroy (1987) has added to this by analysing discourses on race, crime and nations. Perceptions of the weakness of black culture and family life, sometimes explained by absence of a father or authority figure, or more crudely, by a lack of respect for the Law and British tradition of civility, served to define black people as lesser breeds without the Law , as the others who stands outside what is meant to be British(Gilroy, 1987). However the significance of the prolonged campaign that led to the inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence cannot be overstated. Dominant representatio ns of black people as a problem for white British society have been successfully challenged (Murji, 274).   The media is the most powerful organisation which does a big impact on social construction of the crime. The importance of the news media in framing the public understanding of social problems is widely recognized (McLaughlin, 263). Research in many countries confirms that crime reports are among the most headlines catching of news commodities. It is also suggested that there is broad correspondence between the images of criminality articulated in the news media and the interpretation for this (Murji, 264). Such as media presentation of the information reinforces social construction of the crime (McLaughlin et al, 264). There are three levels of explanation in the study of deviant and criminal behaviour. A first level of explanation is concerned with the existence of the many different forms of human behaviour that occur in any society (Becker, 1963). Biology may contribute towards an explanation of this diversity, but it can never provide the whole explanation. It is always necessary to take account of processes of socialization (Becker, 1963). Biological theory of crime, arguing that any association between physical characteristics and their behaviour can be explained(Young 1999). According to Young, lower working class children who are more likely to be involved, in the crime, are also by virtue of diet, continual manual labour, physical fitness and strength, more likely to be mesomorphic (Young 1999, 387).Young claims that males chromosome could lead to behaviour that to others it would look odd, and this differences may exclude them from normal social life, which in turn may lead them to crime. However according to Kelly, behaviour attributed to biological causes may not necessary lead to crime. The biochemistry of the body may affect behaviour as he points out for example A Diabetic person,   without recent insulin injection may become tense, short tempered, but his behaviour does not constitute a criminal act( Haralambos 1999). A second level of explanation is concerned with the variation in norms between social groups, as manifested particularly in cultural and subculture differences (Becker, 1963). Lea and Young stress out that crime is only one aspect, though generally a small one, of the process of cultural adaptation to oppression. Unlike Gilroy, they see West Indian crime as a response to condition in Britain rather than as a continuation of traditions from the West Indies (Lea el at.1999, 428). Socialization takes place within particular social groups, and it is the norms of these groups that provide the standards for the identification of particular kinds of b ehaviour as criminal (Becker, 1963). The third, and final, level of explanation is concerned with the ways in which particular individuals are identified as criminals by others and so come to develop a criminal identity. This is a matter of social reaction and control (Becker, H,1963). In addition to understand social construction of crime, it is very important to look back at historical theoretical periods, which plays an important roles in revitalising past   discoveries, putting new stress on the interpretation of events and relating these to current happenings(Jock Young, 307). First of all I would like to look at Marxist theory, where he sees crime being endemic in the social order. According to Marxism, men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please: they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directed encountered, given and transmitted from the past (Marx, 1969,p.360).   Marxist frameworks have developed a Marxist theory of crime. From Marx perspectives crime is seen largely as the product of capitalism, with criminal and antisocial behaviour indicative of the contradictions and problems inherent in the capitalist system (Marsh, 1997, 519). The basic motivation of capitalism, such as emphasis on materialism and self- enrichment, encourage self-interested, anti-social and, by implication, criminal behaviour (Marsh, 1997, 519). Marxist s argues that business crime is largely ignored by the legal system. There are some well publicized exceptions, but these tend just to reinforce the impres sion that criminals are mainly from the working classes and that business criminals are not real criminals they are just doing what everyone else does (Marsh,1997,519). Marxist arguments suggest that capitalism produces the conditions that generate criminal behaviour. According to him, crime occurs because of economic deprivation and because of the contradictions that are apparent in capitalist society. Working-class crime is a rebellion against inequality and against the system that uses the legal process- including the Law, the police, courts and prison as weapons in a class war(Marsh, 1997, 522). According to Durkheims crime theory, he points out two arguments on crime growth. The first argument is, that modern industrial urban societies encourage a state of egoism which is contrary to the maintenance of social solidarity and to conformity to Law , and second is, that in periods of rapid social change anomies occurs. By this he meant an anomic disordered society lacking effective forms of social control, and thereby leading to a state of individually perceived formlessness (Frank Heathcote, 347). Durkheim arguments that crime is inevitable and functional does not explain the causes of crime or why certain people are more likely to engage in, criminal activities than others (Frank Heathcote, 348). Regarding to Durkheim, crime is present in all types of socially, and that crime is higher in more industrialised countries   ( Haralambos 1999,389). Durkheim explains why he sees crime inevitable, he explains that it is inevitable because not every member of society can be equally committed to the collective sentiments, and that it is impossible for all to be alike (Holborn 1999.389). He also explains crime as being functional, and that its function not to remove crime in society, but to maintain the collective sentiments at their necessary level of strength. Durkheim believed that without punishment the collective sentiments would lose their force to control behaviour and crime rate would become dysfunctional. Durkheim view that healthy society requires both crime and punishment ( Haralambos. 1999, 390). More recently functionalist theories, based on the notion of there being a general consensus of values and norms, have focused on causes of criminal behaviour. Functionalist theories of crime tend to assume that there is general consensus within society over what is right and wrong behaviour. The interactionist approach questions this assumption; it does not see criminals as essentially different from so called normal people. Many people commit criminal action and it is therefore not easy to maintain a clear distinction between the criminal in terms of particular personal characteristics (Marsh, 1997, 517).   To summary, in my essay firstly I discussed that, crime has been seen as a response to the frustration felt by those who cannot achieve the norms or goals of society. Secondly, how dominant representations of black people as problems for white people society have been successfully challenged. Thirdly, that the media is the most powerful organisation which does a big impact on social construction of the crime, and finally I argued two most important theories, which are still in use. References: Becker. H. S. (1963), Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance (New York: Free Press). Fitzgerald. M. el at (1990). Social Disorganisation theories. Heathcote F (1990). Crime and Society. London: The Open University Press. Haralambos, M. el at (1999). Themes and Perspectives. Fourth Edition. London: Harper Collins. May. M. el at (2009). Crime Disorders and Community Safety. Dee Cook. (2009) Understanding Social Problems, Australia: Blackwell. Marsh. I. el at (2009). Making Sense of Society. Fourth Edition. London: Longman.

The Miranda Warning :: essays research papers

The Miranda Warning For the past decade, many Right Wing organizations have sort to change many of the laws, governing our rights and freedom. These laws were passed by congress and upheld by the Supreme Court. The Miranda Warning is one of these laws. The Miranda Warning is intended to protect the guilty as well as the innocent and should be protected at all costs. Without the law, many suspects may be treated unfairly. It is a necessary safeguard. Miranda is a ruling which says that the accused have the right to remain silent and prosecutors may not use statements made by them while in police custody, unless the police advice them of their rights. In other words, a police officer must inform a suspect of this fundamental right, under the Fifth Amendment, at the time of their arrest and or interrogation. Miranda protect ignorant suspects from incriminating themselves. Miranda also protects suspects from overzealous police officers. Although most law-enforcement agents in the United States are decent men and women, some abuse their power. They may try to coerce suspects into giving false confessions. Time and time again, we read of cases where suspects were forced to make confessions because an overzealous or prejudiced police officers want to close a case. The story of Rubin Hurricane Carter, made popular by the motion picture of the same name, demonstrated how lives could be destroyed when vindictive and manipulating detectives abuse their power. The Miranda Warning helps keep abuses in check. If the law is used correctly, the guilty would receive their due punishment. When police officers inform suspects of their rights before interrogation, it is very unlikely that the judge presiding over any case would throw out statements made during questioning. Many high ranking law enforcement agents around the country support the Miranda Warning rule because it is a necessary safeguard; it helps and does not hinders the judicial process. William J. Bratton former police commissioner for the New York City Police Department said, "Miranda works at a minimal social cost. The Supreme Court should reaffirm a decision that has served this country well." I believe that the Miranda warning protects all citizens, guilty and innocent, victim and perpetrator, from unscrupulous officers. The law was designed to insure that the statement given is voluntary and not extracted by force or coercion. Many courts including the Supreme Court have made thousands of decisions using the Miranda ruling without any indication that the law was unconstitutional or benefit criminals.

My missing key Essay

In the early year 2000, I discovered the amazing internet, it attracted me so much that I changed my mind regarding the path of my studies, consequently I wanted to study Business and informatics. Spending couple of years self-learning about computer hardware and software. Hardly using the internet and consulting few IT technician, I found out that I had missed a pretty important part of ICT since I came across this module. As a computer enthusiast and technician to become, I believe this module is the primary key that I needed all these years even though I first thought that I did not need it and it was going to be easy to pass the module, but it wasn’t quietly what I expected by means of time consuming work, fundamental skills in word processing and data processing in Excel. I have gathered knowledge about ICTs for development in a manner that I never thought of. With students in my group I had this first experience of sharing and debating on common and uncommon ideas which of many changed my point of views about the steps to take in many areas of life involving ICT. This module had first impacted my studies with overwhelming time consecration by submitting assignments almost every week. Therefore in the beginning I tackled all practical grader works after the first one in about two weeks around mid-August. Then I was left with the remaining discussions until I came across the unexpected â€Å"learning more about excel† assignment that I found very deviating from Engineering, but with the least of choice I had to stick to the schedule so I learnt and did the best I could. This is just to portray the last and only difficulty I encountered through my journey in this module. I truly believe this module is very important for my career however I feel that I should not limit to it as if I learnt everything on Ethical Information and Communication Technologies for Development Solutions though at the beginning I believed that I will get all the answers about ICT and development. Nevertheless the learning and working through the module gave  me the basics on that matter and widely opened my mind in the way of showing me exactly how to carry on what I learnt. There are few things that I found though that would have been very useful if they were added to this module such as; the basics of computer skills for example. Beside the ethical to find solution, I felt the need of knowing how to; switch on and to turn off a computer, safely save my work on an external storage or how to handle the computer itself against viruses. To conclude, I have the confidence that the module enhanced my knowledge about development solutions and improved my skills in word processing and spreadsheet and has gave me a shot in the arm with all the tools that was missing in my career which strongly make me feel of bringing a hand to my community.

Doctors Riot essays

Doctor's Riot essays In former times body-snatching, or digging up bodies for dissections was much more heard of than at present. The fear if it was so great, that often, in the neighborhood where medical students were pursuing their studies, persons who lost friends and family members would have a watch kept over their graves for several nights, to prevent them from being dug up. Neither the high social position nor sex of the dead provided a barrier to this disturbance of the graves. Although it was established that for thorough instruction in medical science, subjects for dissection were necessary, yet no one outside of the medical profession could be found to authorize body-snatching. In the winter of 1787 and 1788, medical students of New York City dug up bodies more frequently than usual. Usually, the students had contented themselves with ripping open the graves of strangers and Negroes, about whom there was little concern. This winter, however, they dug up respectable people, even young women, of whom they made an indecent exposure. The stories did not lose anything by reputation, and soon the conduct of physicians and medical students became a town talk. The graveyards were easily accessible while there are plenty of men to be found, who, for a small sum, would dig up any body anyone desired. In 1788 the towns only shelter for the ill was New York Hospital, a three-story structure atop a small hill west of Broadway between Duane and Reade streets.1 Due to the fact that British soldiers had left the place in horrible condition, the facility could not be used for practice of medicine. Two of its rooms had been altered by the professors of the nearby Columbia College into dissecting rooms for the students. A mere accident caused this state of feeling to culminate and suddenly break out into action. On Sunday, April 13th, some boys were playing in the rear of the New York Hospital as they...

Pmo Research Essay

Pmo Research Essay Pmo Research Essay QM Summative Assignment: (Q1): Below are the 30 observations and the log returns for my three chosen stocks: G4S, GKN and GLAXOSMITHKINE. Below is the logarithmic returns formula: rLOG = (Final amount of investment / Initial amount of investment) * 100 G4S - PRICE INDEX GKN - PRICE INDEX GLAXOS- PRICE INDEX 871674(PI) Log Return 900754(PI) Log Return 900479(PI) Log Return 264.5 1208 64980.3 284.6 0.073243434 964 -0.225630084 58890.7 -0.098400964 278 -0.023463572 1011 0.047603924 56365.7 -0.043822366 208.9 -0.285765445 968.3 -0.043153262 66651.1 0.167610733 211 0.010002465 1100.2 0.127705304 73557.6 0.098597222 197.4 -0.066626006 1142.4 0.037639331 70178.6 -0.047025352 224.6 0.129088915 1044.5 -0.089593011 71552.4 0.019386627 204 -0.096201048 1058.7 0.013503438 71366.8 -0.002597273 232.8 0.132059722 1108.9 0.046326793 73557.6 0.030235998 230.3 -0.010796909 835.7 -0.282854115 76045.4 0.033261758 235.3 0.021478489 978.8 0.158057635 73669 -0.031748444 227 -0.035911278 951.6 -0.028182553 76379.6 0.036133558 257.1 0.124515097 876 -0.082778687 70178.6 -0.084672224 256.6 -0.001946662 1029.6 0.161559565 66651.1 -0.051571871 273.9 0.065244624 997.4 -0.031773763 70735.6 0.059477432 252.5 -0.081351828 895.2 -0.108104736 68359.1 -0.03417429 274.7 0.084268344 934.8 0.043285446 68581.9 0.003253959 296.1 0.075017642 923.7 -0.011945259 70995.5 0.034587843 271.5 -0.086735096 845 -0.089050716 74263.1 0.044997698 286.3 0.053078073 880.9 0.041607485 75265.6 0.013408998 262.4 -0.087170155 872.8 -0.009237678 67876.5 -0.103333314 192.5 -0.309773903 776.6 -0.116781017 71292.6 0.049102658 167.8 -0.13732336 751.8 -0.032455086 68693.4 -0.03713941 171.1 0.019475387 790.7 0.050448298 65351.5 -0.049872732 193.3 0.121995205 749.7 -0.053245503 63977.7 -0.021245808 200.7 0.03756787 771.6 0.028793155 62715.2 -0.019930743 217.2 0.079007332 831.8 0.075125746 64014.8 0.020510464 200.7 -0.079007332 976 0.159870559 61415.6 -0.041450432 204.8 0.020222637 908.1 -0.072108082 61638.4 0.003621178 214.3 0.045343009 945.6 0.040465142 52132.7 -0.167492662 These log returns can then be used to calculate the descriptive statistics. Through inputting the data into Excel, the data is provided. Descriptive Statistics: Statistic Name: G4S Name: GKN Name: GLAXO SMITH KINE Time Period: Start – 31/12/1999 End – 31/05/2002 Mean -0.007257391 -0.008444887 -0.007596267 Standard Error 0.020441715 0.019323072 0.012188405 Median 0.019475387 -0.009237678 - 0.002597273 Mode #N/A #N/A #N/A Standard deviation 0.110082005 0.104057928 0.065636568 Sample variance 0.012118048 0.010828052 0.004308159 Kurtosis 1.611338969 0.849653662 1.361266742 Skewness -1.182990353 -0.564157907 0.135248479 Range 0.441833625 0.44441368 0.335103395 Minimum -0.309773903 -0.282854115 - 0.167492662 Maximum 0.132059722 0.161559565 0.167610733 Sum -0.210464349 -0.244901732 - 0.220291756 Count 29 29 29 Analysis of statistics: By examining the derived results, we can come to the following conclusions: The scale of difference between the stocks was differing. G4S’ mean return was -0.0073 whilst GKN’s was -0.0084 and GLAXOSMITHKINE’s was -0.0076. We can see that whilst G4S and GLAXOSMITHKINE were close, GKN’s differed greatly. The median indicates over half of

Comparison between the benefits of Vegetarian and Meat Diets Essay

Comparison between the benefits of Vegetarian and Meat Diets - Essay Example Plant foods are generally cheaper to obtain compared to animal foods. This is because of the reduced cost of production in plant foods. Going vegetarian can be beneficial for the environment. This is because of the reduced and none toxic waste associated with processing plant foods. According to Jaminet et.al; â€Å"†¦.vegetarian diets ensure vitality† (p.12). There are also aesthetic benefits associated with an all plant diet like better breath. DisadvantagesStrict vegetarians risk suffering from a deficiency of some essential nutrients like Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, and Iron. Vitamin B12 and D, for example, are only found in animal products. There are questions about the bioavailability of the B12 in algae. Strict vegetarians, therefore, require supplementation to meet their body needs. The iron in plants is not easily absorbed because of the presence of anti-nutrients that bind iron. Therefore, a vegan needs to take plants rich in iron combined with those rich in vitamin C to counter this effect. Access to complete proteins may be limited in plant based diets. A complete protein is one which contains all the essential amino acids that are not produced by the body. It is, therefore, necessary to pair foods together. A meat free diet does not necessarily mean a healthy diet. The elimination of meat does not necessarily mean one has done away with sugar or fat. Few restaurants serve vegetarian dishes which means for one to main tain this lifestyle, they need to be committed and adapt to preparing food for themselves.

Live Performance Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Live Performance Review - Essay Example Currently, The Blind Tiger stands out as the best live music venue in the state of North Carolina. It is committed to bring out the best out of regional, local and national music. Almost all the local talents that reside in Greensboro attribute the exposure and discovery of their talent to the Tiger (Coston 56). With twenty five years of supporting live music, the club anticipates to remain indisputable in offering the best entertainment in the region. The summer Breeze Concert was conducted by the Jazz Revolution band. The band consisted of Letron Brantley on saxophone and flute, Mark Catoe on acoustic Piano, Wilbur Thompson on acoustic Electric Bass and Upright, Kristin Randals as lead vocalist, Adam Snow on the drums and Mayhue Bostic on the guitar. The six piece jazz ensemble performed on a small stage at the one of the ends of the Tiger club. The concert was set in a small and intimate space to provide the best setting for jazz hearing. Half of the stage is taken by a baby grand piano. The band performed a mixture of modal and hard bop jazz. Just like any other genre of music, jazz music entails the telling of a story (Ake et al 2010). The jazz revolution band collectively performed ten of their pieces; however, only four of them were different in terms of style, allowing the audience to get diversified sounds of jazz music. The band performed â€Å"Fly Me to the Moon â€Å", an upbeat standard with a consonance, Latin –inspired, at the beginning of the song that set out the romantic mood, initially. A saxophone-piano served as an alteration to the song’s melody, creating an impression of two lovers flying to the moon. The rhythm of the song was initially steady but fastened up as the song was approaching its climax. With an increased passion for the song, the texture had a new twist as the saxophone carried on the melody while the piano and other instruments accompanied. At the climax, the dynamics of the song seemed to get

Human sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human sexuality - Essay Example Two basic forces of life drive differentiation, especially distinctiveness and togetherness. Individuality helps individuals to be themselves by creating their identities as they follow certain directions. It is fundamental to acknowledge that togetherness is an act of pushing oneself to other people’s directions making one part of a group. Individuality and togetherness have balanced and healthy expressions when fused together. These two important components of differentiation affect relationships in several dramatic ways especially by providing an individual with ability to maintain his self-sense when he is either physically or emotionally close to others. It becomes more challenging when the persons are closely important to the individual. During pressure, especially when there is intense lobbying for conformity from friends and family members, differentiation enables one to maintain his course and direction. A person who is not capable of undergoing emotional fusion is of ten labeled as emotionally fuse (Schnarch, 2009). Differentiation also provides an individual with the ability to maintain his self-sense during times when his or her partner is away especially during the early periods of a relationship. In as much as an individual values his contact with the partner, he must never allow himself to fall apart when alone. It is not similar to individualism because it provides one with the ability to find equilibrium between individuality and togetherness. A person who is differentiated is not only strong but also permeable. Regardless of manipulation and moldings from a partner, a differentiated individual can still afford to remain collected and calm. This individual would be able to change and retain his identity with admirable values and cores. However, differentiation should not be mistaken as the absence of emotions or feelings. One can easily connect with his partner without being afraid of his emotions. The solution entails conduct an effective subjective and objective evaluation of emotions. Additionally, differentiation is a type of self-determination that does not imply to any kind of selfishness. One can choose to be guided by self-interests of his partner at the expense of his own agenda. This does not mean that he is under rule from the other. A differentiated person recognizes the fact that people are different in nature and therefore have different interests. He must appreciate what these people want for themselves. Although, various ways of expressing love are evident, differentiation is a distinct way of articulating love. It is argued as a noble concept that one could partake. In couple’s therapy, differentiation can enable each partner to understand themselves in terms of both strengths and limitations and use constituting factors to enhance their marriage (Charlton & Yalom, 1997). Intimacy Intimacy is an experience that makes one aware that he is separate from his partner though he has parts and feelings that need sharing. It normally accompanies comm unication where each partner freely discloses personal information to the other. However, communication can exist without intimacy, especially in situations where people are engaged in verbal exchanges. Communication is not confined to absence of exchanges between couples because it entails any interaction that makes partners in marriage feel bad though this is poor communication. This implies that intimacy cannot be measured using communication if messages being

Customer perspectives revisited Essay Example for Free

Customer perspectives revisited Essay When a business loses the drive to pursue and retain customers, it loses its soul and therefore the right to exist. No business can function, thrive or prosper without a reliable customer base. In the customer perspective theory BSC makes it clear that it is not only essential to know who the target customers are and how a business can better serve that customer base. The BSC identifies three primary ways of providing services to customers in the Balance scorecard system. Operational excellence emphasizes low prices, and convenience ( Nevin 2003). Product leadership focuses on providing the  best product in the market. In customer intimacy the business stresses the development of long term relationships with the customer, doing whatever is necessary to know what it is that the customer truly wants. It does so while maintaining as much knowledge as possible of its customers. The reason for these efforts in acquiring superior customer knowledge comes down to the point that the businesses are attempting to provide as much satisfaction to the customers as possible. The other reasons include customer loyalty and the need for more market share. (Balancedscorecard. org. ) INTERNAL PROCESS PERSPECTIVE REVISITED: This area focuses on identification of the things that would need to be done in order to continue to add value to the customers and ultimately to the shareholders (Nevin 2003). The internal process aims to serve the customer and increase the total value of the organization, as well as keep record of the companies progress. The team’s objective is primarily to develop better products, to find better ways of manufacturing better products. To find better ways of delivering their products, and to find better ways of delivering better services after the products had been delivered. LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE REVISITED: This may actually be the most important aspect of the entire process. Organizations would get as far as their employees could take them. A team that lacks knowledge may not be able to provide the necessary services required by the customers. Therefore genuine effort must be made to keep employees abreast of necessary information. And that is what the learning and growth perspective tries to define. It emphasizes that information be made available to the employees. It requires the employees skills be as sharp as necessary. It does not want employees to be ignored. Again the key here is that any organization would only go as far as the employees could take it. With adequate care and education, employees can only do better for the company. It is important to point out that the BSC system does not ignore the financial perspective. But the key is that when a company has satisfied the other objectives, that company stand a pretty good chance of doing well financially. BALANCE SCORECARD AS A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Obviously putting a business and management strategy is important, but no strategy will function if it does not actually get implemented. So the first step in resolving the  issue of non-implementation, is to identify what the potential problems towards implementation may be, and then address those issues. According to fortune magazine (1999) about 70% of strategies are poorly executed, so how can it be executed better. Both the team and the management must pay attention to the four barriers: the vision barrier, the people barrier, the resource barrier, and the management barrier. (1) VISION BARRIER: To overcome the vision barrier, employees must not be kept in the dark. The BSC wants management to be very clear as to what the vision is. When possible place a figure on the  vision . For instance if the goal is to manufacture products without defects 90 % of the time, then it may be made clearer by stating exactly that. That figure of 90% translates the vision to a level that could not be misunderstood. Give the employees the appropriate knowledge base and strategic structure, that makes the entire strategic objective easier to follow. Management should facilitate a total understanding of the strategy and the whole structure in order to enable all the team members to fully understand the strategy and therefore work towards achieving it as a unit. (Kaplan Norton).

Te Great Gatsby :: Essays Papers

Te Great Gatsby Setting This story takes place at West Egg in Long Island, an unfashionable town. It is in the early 1900’s. Characters A. Nick Carraway- Nick is the story narrator. He is a young man from Minnesota who moves to the east after fighting in the First World War. He is Jay Gatsby’s next-door neighbor. B. Jay Gatsby- Jay is the title character. He is a wealthy man who lives in a gothic mansion in West Egg. He was born with the name Jay Gatz on farm in North Dakota. C. Daisy Buchanan- Daisy is Nick’s cousin. She is the woman with whom Gatsby is in love. She lives right across from Gatsby with her husband Tom. She is bitter and a little cynical. D. Tom Buchanan- Tom is Daisy’s husband. He is arrogant and hypocritical. E. Jordan Baker- Jordan is Daisy’s friend who becomes romantically involved with Nick during the story. She is a talented golfer but cheated her way into winning her first tournament. F. Myrtle Wilson- Myrtle is Tom’s lover. Her husband George owns a run-down garage. Summary Like the setting says, the story takes place at West Egg in Long Island. The narrator, Nick, is not like the people of West Egg. He drives out to East Egg to have dinner with his cousin Daisy and her husband Tom where he is introduced to Jordan Baker, the woman who he will begin a romantic relationship with. She informs Nick of Myrtle Wilson, Tom’s secret lover. As the summer goes on, Nick learns more about his mysterious neighbor Gatsby. He throws extravagant parties at his mansion every Saturday night to impress the women he loves, Daisy. Nick arranges for Gatsby and Daisy to reunite. After this they fall in love and start and affair. Tom finds out about his wife’s wrongdoings and confronts Gatsby at a suite in the Plaza Hotel in New York. Tom claims that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand. He also tells Daisy that Gatsby’s fortune comes from bootlegging illegal alcohol and other criminal activities. On their way home Nick, Jordan and Tom discover that Gatsby’s car struck and killed Myrtle, Tom’s lover. They rush back to Long Island where Nick learns from Gatsby that Daisy was driving the car that struck Myrtle, but Gatsby intends to take the blame.

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady :: Victorian Women

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady In both the upper and middle classes, there were certain expectations, or guiding principles that women had to follow in order to be called a lady. There were numerous etiquette guides and books published in this time period regarding dining, beauty, and social activities, and most of the newspapers and women's magazines included articles on how to be the perfect Victorian Lady. These are some of the most interesting forms of etiquette. Ballroom Etiquette A Lady should always have an easy, becoming and graceful movement while engaged in a quadrille or promenade. It is more pleasing to the gentleman. --from â€Å"Etiquette for the Ball Room† Women were supposed to always be graceful and even something as enjoyable as dancing had to look effortless, and the woman always had to make sure that she appeared elegant and refined. It also has a reference to the fact that when dancing, the goal of the woman's etiquette was to please the man. Another mannerism that Victorian women followed in the ball room was that a lady should not attend a public ball without an escort, or that no lady should ever be left unattended (â€Å"Etiquette for the Ball Room†). This is just another example of how a woman needed a man in order for her to fit into society. It was considered rude if a woman were to ever be seen alone at a ball. Dressing Room Etiquette The dressing room of a lady was supposed to be her sanctuary, or a place where nobody except for her ever entered. It was a place where women were meant to admire themselves and make themselves look presentable at all times for their husbands. â€Å"The husband should always find the wife fresh, beautiful, sweet as a flower† (â€Å"The Lady's Dressing Room†). The dressing room was a place where the woman was to be vain and cover up or hide any imperfections that she may have had. The article above also asks, what is life or love without illusions? In order for her husband to be pleased, the woman was to retire to the dressing room and make herself beautiful, even if it included tricks. Above all, it was private. A lady was to look beautiful at all times, but make it look like it didn't take any effort at all. This was also the place in which the specific hairstyles of Victorian Ladies were created. It was proper etiquette to always wear the hair up.

Applied Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay

1) Why do you think Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy? â€Å"I think that Starbucks has been concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy because in the long run it affects the bottom line. By being socially responsible, the business is also showing that they care about more than their profits. Caring about more than just profits allows for greater employee commitment, investor loyalty, as well as higher customer satisfaction. Research has also shown that social responsibility and good business ethics contributes to higher profits. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013)† 2) Is Starbucks unique in being able to provide a high level of benefits to its employees? â€Å"No, Starbucks is not unique in being able to provide a high level of benefits to its employees. Business ethics has become more important in the business world and it has been found that if a company is dedicated to taking care of its employees, the more dedicated the employees will be. If an employee sees that the company is acting and treats them in an ethical manner, the employee is more likely to act in an ethical manner. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013)† 3) Do you think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because of its ethical and socially responsible activities or because it provides products and an environment that customers want? â€Å"I think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because it has combined a product and environment that people want with great business ethics and social responsibility. This combination has allowed the company to expand exponentially during a good economy and maintain in a bad economy. By being socially responsible and treating their employee’s right, the company has less of a turnover rate and in the long run has been able to avoid large layoffs and shutting down a large amount of stores. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013)† 4) In what other ways does this case relate to the concepts that we have learned in the chapters so far? â€Å"This first chapter has shown that ethics is a big part of business. It can basically make or break a company. In the case of Starbucks, it has made them. They have based their business around social responsibility and ethics and have been able to maintain in an economy that has tanked because they treat their employees and customers right. According to our textbook, being ethical pays off with better employee performance, and higher employee honesty and integrity. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013)† Bibliography Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2013). The Importance of Business Ethics. In O. C. Ferrell, J. Fraedrich, & L. Ferrell, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases (pp. 17-22). Mason: South-Westen.

Restaurant Case Study Research Paper Example

Restaurant Case Study Research Paper Example Restaurant Case Study Paper Restaurant Case Study Paper Kabab-ji Restaurant Case Study How do customers judge the quality of a restaurant? 1- By friendly and pleasant staff , helpful and knowledgeable people about the products and services they provide. 2- By restaurant hygienic and menu well presented 3- Freshness of the goods used by customers which served in restaurant Customer satisfaction. a. The price, quickness of service, and atmosphere of a restaurant affect restaurant customer satisfaction. In addition of that quality of both food and service are the most important factors satisfy customer. Forecasting. b. estaurant using forecasting for placing purchase orders for food, and supplies. For example restaurateurs often use forecasting to estimate the necessary purchase quantities of various food-related items. Capacity planning c. capacity planning how efficient restaurant use of resources to provide satisfactory service levels to users and attain success. For example number of tables and seating capacity also the number of meals served per day. In addition to that the efficiency on the handling schedule difficulties , product mix and quality factors such as ( facilities, products, service process and human resources ). Location d. A choice of location is one of main factor impact on the success or failure of the restaurant. There is a surrounding factors could impact such as the demographics. kababji prefer to situate its branches at strategic locations, primarily in high traffic locales on main roads with easy access to major residential areas Inventory management . e. Inventory management is one of responsibilities a good restaurant manager is do . most of managers are doing weekly inventory. Which are counting every single item that comes in kitchen week after week , in order to find ways to control the costs and finding out which food is being used or waste so that you can order just the right amount next time. Layout f. Physical layout of and architectural design of the restaurant play a role in business success or failure . Design success of restaurants lead to operational efficiencies. However design failure lead to operational inefficiencies. Scheduling g. For a restaurant operation scheduling is essential. It helps to control and handle thing in a way to be ensure that all part of operation have the help they need to run smoothly. Scheduling is a crucial way to anticipate the daily sales and control of labor and be ensure to meet the most important goal of restaurant which is guest satisfaction. 3- What are some of the ways Kabab-ji links strategy and operations to gain an edge over its competition? kababjis aim is a long term brand building strategy focused on creating a loyal and sustainable customer base. it supports franchises and includes support, operational training and design, launch, and operational manual

Understanding the Measles Virus (MV) The WritePass Journal

Understanding the Measles Virus (MV) Introduction Understanding the Measles Virus (MV) IntroductionSymptomsInfection and spreadDiagnosis TreatmentVaccinationSubacute sclerosing panencephalitis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (SSPE)ReferencesRelated Introduction Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by the Measles Virus (MV) which belongs to the Paramyxovirus family, and is of the genus Morbillivirus as it does not possess any virus-associated neuraminidase activity (Topley Wilsons 2005, Morgan Rapp 1977). It is primarily considered a childhood disease, easily communicable within a non-immunised population. Moreover, acute infection with the virus will confer lifelong immunity in most individuals (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Therefore as the virus is also confined to humans with no asymptomatic carrier state, to remain endemic within a population it relies upon infection of those still susceptible to infection. The MV itself is approximately 100–300 nm in diameter, with a core of single-stranded RNA which encodes for 8 proteins, surrounded in a helical capsid (Griffin 2010; Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Two viral transmembrane proteins; fusion (F) protein is responsible for fusion of virus and host cell membranes, viral penetration, and hemolysis. Hemagglutinin (H) is responsible for adsorption of virus to cells. Antibodies to these proteins may mitigate against infection of host cells (Griffin 2010). Other proteins include the matrix or M protein which links the envelope to the ribonucleoplasmid core, and the nucleoprotein (N) forms part of the ribonucleocapsid along with phosphoprotein (P) and large polymerase protein (L) which both are also necessary for RNA synthesis. Non structural proteins C and V also regulate response to infection (Topley Wilson 2005). A schematic of the virus is shown in figure 1. Fig 1. Adapted from Morgan Rapp 1977 Schematic of Measles virus Canine distemper and rinderpest viruses also belong to the same genus and share close antigenic relationship. In October 2010 the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation announced that Rinderpest had been successfully eradicated. Infection with measles also provided the first insight into suppression of the immune system by a virus, thus permitting secondary infections to occur relating to the mortality of infection (McChesney et al 1989). This area is of much interest to immunologists and was first noted over 200 years ago as TB infection was seen to follow measles infection (Karp 1999), of which alterations in cell mediated immunity is of most clinical concern. This was noted by von Pirquet whist performing the tuberculin skin test which failed to respond to it thus predisposing to secondary infectious from measles induced immunosuppression (Topley Wilson 2005). Isolation of the virus in 1954 by Enders and Peebles allowed the advent of measles vaccination, with the first vaccines being produced in 1963. Safe and effective vaccination programmes with the live further attenuated vaccine have eliminated the virus from most westernised societies (WHO weekly 2008); however the virus remains a major cause of mortality in populations lacking access to adequate medical care (Kerdiles et al 2006). In 2008, 164 000 measles deaths were recorded globally (WHO fact sheet 2009) and as recent as January 2011 Kofi Annan called for the UN Executive Board to set an eradication date for measles (Measles Initiative 2011). Progress on this front continues with immunisation programmes and effective surveillance this is highlighted by the reduction of measles deaths by 78% between 2000 and 2008. Symptoms The measles virus normally enters the body through the upper respiratory tract, or conjunctiva. The first clinical sign of infection is usually a febrile illness (38.3 °c), which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts four to seven days (fig2). Further signs and symptoms then develop in this prodromal illness these include malaise, cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, as the MV establishes a systemic infection involving multiple organ systems leading to Koplik spots and typical maculopapular rash and immunosuppression. Fig. 2. Adapted from Topley Wilson Microbiology Microbial Infections Immunology 10th edt. 2005. Transmission occurs through the air and involves close personal contact with an infected individual, surfaces or objects which they have been in contact. As the virus is highly contagious, it will remain active in the air and on these surfaces for up to two hours. It has been noted that up to 90% of people without immunity sharing a house with an infected individual will become infected (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Infected individuals can transmit the MV from four days prior to the onset of the rash to four days after the rash erupts. Studies also show the MV can be inactivated by heat, light, acidic pH, ether, and trypsin (Topley Wilson 2005). The virus replicates in the respiratory tract and then reaches local lymphoid tissue, producing primary viremia. Lymphoid tissues such as the thymus, spleen, and tonsils are normal sites of replication. Following replication within the lymphoid tissue, the MV spreads to other organs including the skin, kidney, lungs, liver and gastrointestinal tract known as secondary viremia. The MV replicates in epithelial and endothelial cells and is accompanied by vascular dilation, increased vascular permability, mononuclear cell infiltration and infection of surrounding tissue (Topley Wilson 2005). Small white spots develop inside the buccal cavity known as Koplik’s spots (fig 3a) due to nectrotic infection of the submucous glands, at this stage the individual is highly contagious and giant cells are present in the sputum and other secretions this occurs just prior to development of the typical rash.   Each of these signs is a typical characteristic of measles infection the rash then erupts, usually on the forehead, face and upper neck. The rash then spreads to cover the entire body over the next 3 days, lasts for about six days before it begins to disperse, this typical presentation is seen in figure 3b. This rash is said to occur due to vascular congestion epithelial necrosis and oedema. The entire course of uncomplicated measles, from late prodrome to resolution of fever and rash, is approximately 7-10 days. Fig 3. Characteristics of Measles infection (accessed from google images) Complications arising from measles infection result mainly from opportunistic secondary infections due to the immunosuppression induced by MV. The depression of the immune response may last up to 6 months (Kerdiles et al 2006). Complications are more common in children under the age of five, or adults over the age of 20 and occur in individuals who arepoorly nourished, especially those insufficient in vitamin A, or individuals with existing immunodeficiency such as HIV/AIDS. Diarrhoea and severe dehydration is not uncommon in developing countries where secondary infection is likely and worsens their individual’s nutritional status; this along with lack of substantial vitamin A may lead to post-measles blindness. Ear infections and pneumonia may also occur which will require antibiotics to treat the imposing infectious agent. Treatment of giant cell pneumonia is a very protracted and causes the majority of measles related deaths. However, more serious complications like encephalitis and persistent brain inflammation known as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) also occur though these are rare. SSPE will be discussed further on in this text. Measles infection during pregnancy may induce spontaneous abortion or still births other reports have stated measles infection during pregnancy may produce infants with a low birth weight or congenital malformaty (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Administration of antimeasles gammaglobulin less than three days after exposure may protect from infection this is discussed further in vaccination section. Acute encephalitis results in death in approximately 15% of patients who develop it (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Development usually occurs eight days after onset of the rash, symptoms of this can include recurrence of a high fever, persistent headache, vomiting, drowsiness, seizures and coma. Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis occurs only in the immunocompromised e.g. individuals with leukaemia present without rash as no immune response was elicited and is often confused with SSPE. Symptoms include seizures stupor or coma which is dependent on localisation of the disease within the CNS. This type of encephalitis has no antibodies detectable in the CSF (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Infection and spread MV replication involves the transcription of viral RNA to give + sense mRNA before this can be translated. The F protein facilitates fusion with the plasma membrane. Viral multiplication occurs in the cytoplasm, using the RNA polymerase and RNA modification enzymes packaged in the virus and use the nucleoplasmid as a template to transcribe viral mRNAs; theseare capped, methylated and polyadenylated translated and packed into the new virues and bud out through the cell plasma membrane. The non structural proteins C and V also play an important role in replication of the virus, this has be confirmed by in vitro studies, results of studies with animal models show that these proteins are also important for the virulence of the virus. They have also been investigated for their ability to produce IFN responses; C protein was shown to inhibit this (Kerdiles et al 2006). MV interaction with the immune system involves studying measles infection in humans, naturally and experimentally infected rhesus monkeys, cotton rats and transgenic mice and also some in vitro models (Griffin 2010). It is well known that the primary target for the MV is the monocyte and primarily causes the viremia during infection with accompanied leukopenia. Three cellular receptors for MV are recognized: the low affinity membrane co-factor protein CD46, present on all nucleated cells was the first receptor identified for the MV (Topley Wilson 2005). CD46 is the natural binding site for C3b/C4b complement components however; it also binds to the viral hemagglutinin (H) protein of the measles virus. The second receptor; higher affinity signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM ⠁„ CD150), a glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily is present on subsets of lymphocytes, thymocytes, macrophages, and DCs; and an unidentified receptor present on ciliated columnar respiratory epithelial cells (Griffin 2010). Recent studies have questioned the role of CD46 in vivo. This is confirmed as all viral strains tested preferentially bind CD150, therefore CD150 is the primary determinant of MV tropism (Griffin 2010). MV infections usually produce very distinctive cytopathic effects enabling formation of multinucleated giant cells. Binding of H protein to both CD46 and CD150 downregulate receptor expression; this may lead to activation of complement against uninfected lymphocytes, thus contributing to the associated leukopenia. This profound suppression of cell-mediated immunity was confirmed by Karp et al in 1996. Conversly interaction of H protein with TLR2 on surface of monocyte will stimulate IL-6 and increase CD150. This process also results in decreased IL-12 production from infected monocytes which may be a result of the reduction of IFN-ÃŽ ³ produced by T cells. The nucleocapsid protein (N) also reduces the release of IL-12 from monocytes, with resultant reduction in T cell proliferation which may lead to cellular apoptosis (Topley Wilson 2005). IFN-ÃŽ ³ also aids in the production of nitric oxide, though with down regulation of CD46 will alter the immune response to other intracellular pathogens e.g. mycobacteria. Therefore, CD46 as receptor in MV infection may disturb different aspect of the immune response. Downregulation of CD150 after infection may impair the Th1 response towards other pathogens due to the decrease in IFN-ÃŽ ³. Cytokines and chemokines produced during infection include IL-8 which is increase in early infection. IL-2, IFN-ÃŽ ³, are increased during the corresponding rash. In vitro systems have shown there is reduced IL-2 production during the inital stage of infection, Griffin et al shown that introduction of recombinant IL-2 along with neutralisation of high IL-4 restores lymphocyte proliferation (Topley Wilson 2005). The rash is associated with MV infection is due to the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the site of replication, with the CD8+ response occurring more rapidly than CD4+ which is more protracted. IgM response to infection occurs alongside appearance of the rash, to which serological detection is diagnostic. Increased MV specific IgG follows recovery from infection conferring lifelong immunity, notably in vitro infection of B cells reduces Immunoglobulin production, through binding of N protein to activated cells however in vivo studies show no B cell defect (Niewiesk et al 2000). After resolution of the rash regulatory CD4+ cells produce IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 (Griffin 2010). Changes to the cytokine profile seen with CD150 interactions may show that infection starts with a Th1 response and then converts to a regulatory Th2 response in later infection resulting in delayed hypersensitivy response. Diagnosis Treatment Diagnosis of measles is based upon the individuals’ history and clinical presentation, with appearance of Koplik spots and typical rash being diagnostic. However, laboratory methods may be required for more complicated cases e.g. in the case of modified or atypical measles. The virus is detectable by a number of different methodologies these include direct microscopy, immunofluorescence of nasopharyngeal secretions or urine, viral cultures and electron microscopy can all provide diagnosis. Though measles is best confirmed by serological detection of; IgM antibody against the virus, in the acute phase and IgG in the convalescent phase of disease using ELISA. Prevention of disease by administration of vaccine should always primary goal rather than treatment of disease, as the vaccine is cheap, safe, and effective. Adequate nutrition, fluid replacement and appropriate use of antibiotic if required is all that can be provided to treat measles infection though its recommended that all children in developing countries diagnosed with measles should receive treatment with two doses of vitamin A, given 24 hours apart should be provided to individuals in developing countries prevent permanent loss of vision, provision of this supplement has shown to reduce the number of deaths from measles by 50% (WHO factsheet 2009).    Vaccination Vaccination is the greatest success in Immunology; historically it all started with Jenner, cowpox and smallpox which led to production of a vaccine. However, now in the 21st century there are a multitude of vaccinations available. The WHO classified smallpox as being eradicated worldwide in 1980 and publish lists of prevalence of those diseases which they continue to strive to eliminate worldwide. The first measles vaccines were licensed in 1963. This included an inactivated vaccine and a live attenuated vaccine known as the Edmonston B Strain. The inactivated vaccine was withdrawn as it did not produce an immunogenic response and therefore did not provide immunity to the disease, those immunised with this vaccine may have later developed atypical measles if infected with the wild type virus. Atypical measles progresses similarly to measles though individuals will also experience headaches and abdominal pain with the rash beginning on the extremities and spreading over the body. It has been proposed the inactivated vaccine did not produce antibodies to the F protein and thus was unable to prevent its spread (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Modified measles is another form of the disease which occurs in partially immunised children or individuals who have received immune serum globulin and symptoms appear much milder than seen in acute measles (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). The original Edmonston B vaccine was able to seroconvert 95% of recipients however it was withdrawn in 1975 as it produced a mild form of measles in up to 10% of those vaccinated, to reduce the side effects gammaglobulin was administered. Thus, further live attenuated vaccines were sought including the Schwarz strain in 1965, and the Edmonston-Enders strain produced by passage in chicken cells was licensed in 1968, which caused fewer reactions than the original Edmonston B vaccine (Undergraduate Notes). The vaccine was combined with mumps and rubella vaccines and is licensed in 1971 as MMR (Undergraduate Notes). Furthermore, two doses of the vaccine was recommended to ensure immunity in 1989, as about 15% of vaccinated children fail to develop immunity from the first dose (WHO factsheet 2009). Varicella vaccine may also be combined and administered as MMRV, this format of vaccination was licensed in 2005. These vaccines are now supplied lyophylised and contain a small amount of human albumin, neomycin, sorbitol, and gelatine and are reconstituted prior to use. Clinical study of 284 triple seronegative children, 11 months to 7 years of age, demonstrated high immunogenic capability of the vaccine as it induced hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies in 95% of individuals for the measles vaccine thus conferring its effectiveness (MMR vaccine 2010). However, dispute that the vaccine causes autism first arose when Wakefield et al reported this in 1998 which may have reduced uptake of vaccine in theUKfor a period time before these claims were discredited by epidemiological studies which consistently found no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Vaccination rates in theEnglandhave increased from the 80% low in 2003-4 but are still below the 95% level recommended by the WHO to ensure herd immunity (HPA), notably the number of measles cases recorded in 2010 has decreased with improved uptake of the vaccination (HPA2). Global cooperation between a number of organisations has also ensured that 83% children received their first measles vaccine by the age of 1, up from 72% in 2000 (WHO factsheet 2009), and will work together in advancing the global measles strategy. In countries where measles has been largely eliminated, cases imported from other countries remain an important source of infection. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (SSPE) SSPE is an extremely rare degenerative condition of the brain caused by the reactivation of the measles virus after an interval of 6-8 years though incidences have also occurred almost 30 years from primary infection. The disorder is usually fatal and effects males more often than females, though incidence of SSPE is very low 1 case per 100 000(Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Most individuals with SSPE contracted the MV before the age of two, symptoms usually are slow and progressive, and begin with deterioration in the individuals’ mental faculty and individuals may experience hallucinations. Symptoms may not be recognised until further neurological or motor symptoms appear such as convulsions, dyspraxia, aphasia and other abnormal uncontrollable muscle movements. Visual disturbances may also occur if the virus invades the retina leading to complete blindness. The disease is nearly always fatal within 1 to 3 years. Diagnosis is made on the clinical presentation and confirmation by a high titre of antibody to the MV (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Investigations would include electroencephalogram (EEG), and computerised tomography (CT) to shown scarring of the brain and neuronal activity. There is no treatment available for those afflicted with SSPE; anticonvulsants such as Phenobarbital, valproic acid and others may be prescribed to control seizures. Although this disease is very severe and rare the final cause of death is usually pneumonia, the pneumonia results from extreme muscle weakness. With adequate vaccination cases of SSPE have also declined. References Topley Wilsons Microbiology Microbial Infections – Immunology 10th edt. Published by Edward Arnold Ltd. 2005 Chapter 39 Acquired immunodeficiencies pgs 803-806 Morgan EM Rapp F. Measles Virus and Its Associated Diseases. Bacteriological reviews Sept. 1977, Vol. 41, No. 3 pgs. 636-666 Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology 4th edt. Published by John Wiley sons Ltd. 2000 chapter 11 Measles by Schneider-Schaulies Meulen pgs 357-385 GriffinDE. Measles virus-induced suppression of immune responses. Immunological Reviews 2010 Vol. 236: 176–189 McChesneyMB, Oldstone MBA, Fujinami RS et al Virus Induced Immunosuppression: Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and suppression of Immunoglobulin synthesis during natural measles virus infection in rhesus monkeys. Journal of infectious diseases 1989 159:4 757-760 Karp CL. Measles: immunosuppression, interleukin-12, and complement receptors. Immunological Reviews 1999 Apr;168:91-101. World Health Organisation. Weekly epidemiological record: Progress in global measles control and mortality reduction, 2000–2007 2008, No. 49, 83, 441–448 Kerdiles YM, Sellin CI, Druelle J, Horvat B. Immunosuppression caused by measles virus: role of viral proteins. Reveiws in Medical Virology. 2006 Jan-Feb;16(1):49-63. World Health Organisation. Mealses factsheet no 286 2009 Measles Initiative UN: Statement on Eradication by Kofi Annan 2011 measlesinitiative.org/ Figure 3 images obtained from google.co.uk/images Karp CL, Wysocka M, Wahl LM, et al. Mechanism of suppression of cell-mediated immunity by measles virus. Science. 1996 Jul 12;273(5272):228-31. GriffinDE, Moench TR et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells during natural measles infection; cell surface phenotypes and evidence for activation clinical immunology and immunopathology 1986 40 305-312 Niewiesk S, Gotzelmann M, and ter Meulen V. Selective in vivo suppression of T lymphocyte responses in experimental measles virus infection   Proceeding of the natural academy of sciences USA 2000 97;4251-5 Information from Undergraduate notes 2008 MMR vaccine kit insert from Merck Co Inc.Whitehouse Station NJ,USApublished 2010 Health Protection Agency. (HPA1) Completed primary course at two years of age: Englandand Wales, 1966-1977, Englandonly 1978 onwards. hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebHPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733819251. Health Protection Agency. (HPA2) Confirmed cases of measles, mumps and rubella 1996-2009. hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebHPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733833790

Calorimeter Definition in Chemistry

Calorimeter Definition in Chemistry A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat flow of a chemical reaction or physical change. The process of measuring this heat is called calorimetry. A basic calorimeter consists of a metal container of water above a combustion chamber, in which a thermometer is used to measure the change in water temperature. However, there are many types of more complex calorimeters. The basic principle is that heat released by the combustion chamber increases the temperature of the water in a measurable way. The temperature change may then be used to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of substance A when substances A and B are reacted. The equation used is: q Cv(Tf - Ti ) where: q is the amount of heat in joulesCv  is the calorimeters heat capacity in joules per Kelvin (J/K)Tf and Ti are the final and initial temperatures Calorimeter History The first ice calorimeters were built based on Joseph Blacks concept of latent heat, introduced in 1761. Antoine Lavoisier coined the term calorimeter in 1780 to describe the apparatus he used to measure heat from guinea pig respiration used to melt snow. In 1782, Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace experimented with ice calorimeters, in which heat needed to melt ice could be used to measure heat from chemical reactions. Types of Calorimeters Calorimeters have expanded beyond the original ice calorimeters. Adiabatic calorimeter: Some heat is always lost to the container in an adiabatic calorimeter, but a correction factor is applied to the calculation to compensate for heat loss. This type of calorimeter is used to study runaway reactions.Reaction calorimeter: In this type of calorimeter, the chemical reaction occurs within an insulated closed container. Heatflow versus time is measured to arrive at the reaction heat. This is used for reactions intended to run at a constant temperature or to find the maximum heat released by a reaction.Bomb calorimeter: A bomb calorimeter is a constant-volume calorimeter, constructed to withstand the pressure produced by the reaction as it heats the air within the container. The temperature change of water is used to calculate the heat of combustion.Calvet-type calorimeter: This type of calorimeter relies on a three-dimensional fluxmeter sensor made of rings of thermocouples in series. This type of calorimeter allows for a larger sample size and reacti on vessel size, without sacrificing the accuracy of the measurement. An example of a Calvet-type calorimeter is the C80 calorimeter. Constant-pressure calorimeter: This instrument measure the enthalpy change of a reaction in solution under conditions of constant atmospheric pressure. A common example of this type of device is the coffee-cup calorimeter.