Human sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human sexuality - Essay Example Two basic forces of life drive differentiation, especially distinctiveness and togetherness. Individuality helps individuals to be themselves by creating their identities as they follow certain directions. It is fundamental to acknowledge that togetherness is an act of pushing oneself to other people’s directions making one part of a group. Individuality and togetherness have balanced and healthy expressions when fused together. These two important components of differentiation affect relationships in several dramatic ways especially by providing an individual with ability to maintain his self-sense when he is either physically or emotionally close to others. It becomes more challenging when the persons are closely important to the individual. During pressure, especially when there is intense lobbying for conformity from friends and family members, differentiation enables one to maintain his course and direction. A person who is not capable of undergoing emotional fusion is of ten labeled as emotionally fuse (Schnarch, 2009). Differentiation also provides an individual with the ability to maintain his self-sense during times when his or her partner is away especially during the early periods of a relationship. In as much as an individual values his contact with the partner, he must never allow himself to fall apart when alone. It is not similar to individualism because it provides one with the ability to find equilibrium between individuality and togetherness. A person who is differentiated is not only strong but also permeable. Regardless of manipulation and moldings from a partner, a differentiated individual can still afford to remain collected and calm. This individual would be able to change and retain his identity with admirable values and cores. However, differentiation should not be mistaken as the absence of emotions or feelings. One can easily connect with his partner without being afraid of his emotions. The solution entails conduct an effective subjective and objective evaluation of emotions. Additionally, differentiation is a type of self-determination that does not imply to any kind of selfishness. One can choose to be guided by self-interests of his partner at the expense of his own agenda. This does not mean that he is under rule from the other. A differentiated person recognizes the fact that people are different in nature and therefore have different interests. He must appreciate what these people want for themselves. Although, various ways of expressing love are evident, differentiation is a distinct way of articulating love. It is argued as a noble concept that one could partake. In couple’s therapy, differentiation can enable each partner to understand themselves in terms of both strengths and limitations and use constituting factors to enhance their marriage (Charlton & Yalom, 1997). Intimacy Intimacy is an experience that makes one aware that he is separate from his partner though he has parts and feelings that need sharing. It normally accompanies comm unication where each partner freely discloses personal information to the other. However, communication can exist without intimacy, especially in situations where people are engaged in verbal exchanges. Communication is not confined to absence of exchanges between couples because it entails any interaction that makes partners in marriage feel bad though this is poor communication. This implies that intimacy cannot be measured using communication if messages being

Customer perspectives revisited Essay Example for Free

Customer perspectives revisited Essay When a business loses the drive to pursue and retain customers, it loses its soul and therefore the right to exist. No business can function, thrive or prosper without a reliable customer base. In the customer perspective theory BSC makes it clear that it is not only essential to know who the target customers are and how a business can better serve that customer base. The BSC identifies three primary ways of providing services to customers in the Balance scorecard system. Operational excellence emphasizes low prices, and convenience ( Nevin 2003). Product leadership focuses on providing the  best product in the market. In customer intimacy the business stresses the development of long term relationships with the customer, doing whatever is necessary to know what it is that the customer truly wants. It does so while maintaining as much knowledge as possible of its customers. The reason for these efforts in acquiring superior customer knowledge comes down to the point that the businesses are attempting to provide as much satisfaction to the customers as possible. The other reasons include customer loyalty and the need for more market share. (Balancedscorecard. org. ) INTERNAL PROCESS PERSPECTIVE REVISITED: This area focuses on identification of the things that would need to be done in order to continue to add value to the customers and ultimately to the shareholders (Nevin 2003). The internal process aims to serve the customer and increase the total value of the organization, as well as keep record of the companies progress. The team’s objective is primarily to develop better products, to find better ways of manufacturing better products. To find better ways of delivering their products, and to find better ways of delivering better services after the products had been delivered. LEARNING AND GROWTH PERSPECTIVE REVISITED: This may actually be the most important aspect of the entire process. Organizations would get as far as their employees could take them. A team that lacks knowledge may not be able to provide the necessary services required by the customers. Therefore genuine effort must be made to keep employees abreast of necessary information. And that is what the learning and growth perspective tries to define. It emphasizes that information be made available to the employees. It requires the employees skills be as sharp as necessary. It does not want employees to be ignored. Again the key here is that any organization would only go as far as the employees could take it. With adequate care and education, employees can only do better for the company. It is important to point out that the BSC system does not ignore the financial perspective. But the key is that when a company has satisfied the other objectives, that company stand a pretty good chance of doing well financially. BALANCE SCORECARD AS A STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Obviously putting a business and management strategy is important, but no strategy will function if it does not actually get implemented. So the first step in resolving the  issue of non-implementation, is to identify what the potential problems towards implementation may be, and then address those issues. According to fortune magazine (1999) about 70% of strategies are poorly executed, so how can it be executed better. Both the team and the management must pay attention to the four barriers: the vision barrier, the people barrier, the resource barrier, and the management barrier. (1) VISION BARRIER: To overcome the vision barrier, employees must not be kept in the dark. The BSC wants management to be very clear as to what the vision is. When possible place a figure on the  vision . For instance if the goal is to manufacture products without defects 90 % of the time, then it may be made clearer by stating exactly that. That figure of 90% translates the vision to a level that could not be misunderstood. Give the employees the appropriate knowledge base and strategic structure, that makes the entire strategic objective easier to follow. Management should facilitate a total understanding of the strategy and the whole structure in order to enable all the team members to fully understand the strategy and therefore work towards achieving it as a unit. (Kaplan Norton).

Te Great Gatsby :: Essays Papers

Te Great Gatsby Setting This story takes place at West Egg in Long Island, an unfashionable town. It is in the early 1900’s. Characters A. Nick Carraway- Nick is the story narrator. He is a young man from Minnesota who moves to the east after fighting in the First World War. He is Jay Gatsby’s next-door neighbor. B. Jay Gatsby- Jay is the title character. He is a wealthy man who lives in a gothic mansion in West Egg. He was born with the name Jay Gatz on farm in North Dakota. C. Daisy Buchanan- Daisy is Nick’s cousin. She is the woman with whom Gatsby is in love. She lives right across from Gatsby with her husband Tom. She is bitter and a little cynical. D. Tom Buchanan- Tom is Daisy’s husband. He is arrogant and hypocritical. E. Jordan Baker- Jordan is Daisy’s friend who becomes romantically involved with Nick during the story. She is a talented golfer but cheated her way into winning her first tournament. F. Myrtle Wilson- Myrtle is Tom’s lover. Her husband George owns a run-down garage. Summary Like the setting says, the story takes place at West Egg in Long Island. The narrator, Nick, is not like the people of West Egg. He drives out to East Egg to have dinner with his cousin Daisy and her husband Tom where he is introduced to Jordan Baker, the woman who he will begin a romantic relationship with. She informs Nick of Myrtle Wilson, Tom’s secret lover. As the summer goes on, Nick learns more about his mysterious neighbor Gatsby. He throws extravagant parties at his mansion every Saturday night to impress the women he loves, Daisy. Nick arranges for Gatsby and Daisy to reunite. After this they fall in love and start and affair. Tom finds out about his wife’s wrongdoings and confronts Gatsby at a suite in the Plaza Hotel in New York. Tom claims that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand. He also tells Daisy that Gatsby’s fortune comes from bootlegging illegal alcohol and other criminal activities. On their way home Nick, Jordan and Tom discover that Gatsby’s car struck and killed Myrtle, Tom’s lover. They rush back to Long Island where Nick learns from Gatsby that Daisy was driving the car that struck Myrtle, but Gatsby intends to take the blame.

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady :: Victorian Women

Etiquette of a Victorian Lady In both the upper and middle classes, there were certain expectations, or guiding principles that women had to follow in order to be called a lady. There were numerous etiquette guides and books published in this time period regarding dining, beauty, and social activities, and most of the newspapers and women's magazines included articles on how to be the perfect Victorian Lady. These are some of the most interesting forms of etiquette. Ballroom Etiquette A Lady should always have an easy, becoming and graceful movement while engaged in a quadrille or promenade. It is more pleasing to the gentleman. --from â€Å"Etiquette for the Ball Room† Women were supposed to always be graceful and even something as enjoyable as dancing had to look effortless, and the woman always had to make sure that she appeared elegant and refined. It also has a reference to the fact that when dancing, the goal of the woman's etiquette was to please the man. Another mannerism that Victorian women followed in the ball room was that a lady should not attend a public ball without an escort, or that no lady should ever be left unattended (â€Å"Etiquette for the Ball Room†). This is just another example of how a woman needed a man in order for her to fit into society. It was considered rude if a woman were to ever be seen alone at a ball. Dressing Room Etiquette The dressing room of a lady was supposed to be her sanctuary, or a place where nobody except for her ever entered. It was a place where women were meant to admire themselves and make themselves look presentable at all times for their husbands. â€Å"The husband should always find the wife fresh, beautiful, sweet as a flower† (â€Å"The Lady's Dressing Room†). The dressing room was a place where the woman was to be vain and cover up or hide any imperfections that she may have had. The article above also asks, what is life or love without illusions? In order for her husband to be pleased, the woman was to retire to the dressing room and make herself beautiful, even if it included tricks. Above all, it was private. A lady was to look beautiful at all times, but make it look like it didn't take any effort at all. This was also the place in which the specific hairstyles of Victorian Ladies were created. It was proper etiquette to always wear the hair up.

Applied Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay

1) Why do you think Starbucks has been so concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy? â€Å"I think that Starbucks has been concerned with social responsibility in its overall corporate strategy because in the long run it affects the bottom line. By being socially responsible, the business is also showing that they care about more than their profits. Caring about more than just profits allows for greater employee commitment, investor loyalty, as well as higher customer satisfaction. Research has also shown that social responsibility and good business ethics contributes to higher profits. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013)† 2) Is Starbucks unique in being able to provide a high level of benefits to its employees? â€Å"No, Starbucks is not unique in being able to provide a high level of benefits to its employees. Business ethics has become more important in the business world and it has been found that if a company is dedicated to taking care of its employees, the more dedicated the employees will be. If an employee sees that the company is acting and treats them in an ethical manner, the employee is more likely to act in an ethical manner. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013)† 3) Do you think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because of its ethical and socially responsible activities or because it provides products and an environment that customers want? â€Å"I think that Starbucks has grown rapidly because it has combined a product and environment that people want with great business ethics and social responsibility. This combination has allowed the company to expand exponentially during a good economy and maintain in a bad economy. By being socially responsible and treating their employee’s right, the company has less of a turnover rate and in the long run has been able to avoid large layoffs and shutting down a large amount of stores. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013)† 4) In what other ways does this case relate to the concepts that we have learned in the chapters so far? â€Å"This first chapter has shown that ethics is a big part of business. It can basically make or break a company. In the case of Starbucks, it has made them. They have based their business around social responsibility and ethics and have been able to maintain in an economy that has tanked because they treat their employees and customers right. According to our textbook, being ethical pays off with better employee performance, and higher employee honesty and integrity. (Ferrell, Fraedrich, & Ferrell, 2013)† Bibliography Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., & Ferrell, L. (2013). The Importance of Business Ethics. In O. C. Ferrell, J. Fraedrich, & L. Ferrell, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases (pp. 17-22). Mason: South-Westen.

Restaurant Case Study Research Paper Example

Restaurant Case Study Research Paper Example Restaurant Case Study Paper Restaurant Case Study Paper Kabab-ji Restaurant Case Study How do customers judge the quality of a restaurant? 1- By friendly and pleasant staff , helpful and knowledgeable people about the products and services they provide. 2- By restaurant hygienic and menu well presented 3- Freshness of the goods used by customers which served in restaurant Customer satisfaction. a. The price, quickness of service, and atmosphere of a restaurant affect restaurant customer satisfaction. In addition of that quality of both food and service are the most important factors satisfy customer. Forecasting. b. estaurant using forecasting for placing purchase orders for food, and supplies. For example restaurateurs often use forecasting to estimate the necessary purchase quantities of various food-related items. Capacity planning c. capacity planning how efficient restaurant use of resources to provide satisfactory service levels to users and attain success. For example number of tables and seating capacity also the number of meals served per day. In addition to that the efficiency on the handling schedule difficulties , product mix and quality factors such as ( facilities, products, service process and human resources ). Location d. A choice of location is one of main factor impact on the success or failure of the restaurant. There is a surrounding factors could impact such as the demographics. kababji prefer to situate its branches at strategic locations, primarily in high traffic locales on main roads with easy access to major residential areas Inventory management . e. Inventory management is one of responsibilities a good restaurant manager is do . most of managers are doing weekly inventory. Which are counting every single item that comes in kitchen week after week , in order to find ways to control the costs and finding out which food is being used or waste so that you can order just the right amount next time. Layout f. Physical layout of and architectural design of the restaurant play a role in business success or failure . Design success of restaurants lead to operational efficiencies. However design failure lead to operational inefficiencies. Scheduling g. For a restaurant operation scheduling is essential. It helps to control and handle thing in a way to be ensure that all part of operation have the help they need to run smoothly. Scheduling is a crucial way to anticipate the daily sales and control of labor and be ensure to meet the most important goal of restaurant which is guest satisfaction. 3- What are some of the ways Kabab-ji links strategy and operations to gain an edge over its competition? kababjis aim is a long term brand building strategy focused on creating a loyal and sustainable customer base. it supports franchises and includes support, operational training and design, launch, and operational manual

Understanding the Measles Virus (MV) The WritePass Journal

Understanding the Measles Virus (MV) Introduction Understanding the Measles Virus (MV) IntroductionSymptomsInfection and spreadDiagnosis TreatmentVaccinationSubacute sclerosing panencephalitis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (SSPE)ReferencesRelated Introduction Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by the Measles Virus (MV) which belongs to the Paramyxovirus family, and is of the genus Morbillivirus as it does not possess any virus-associated neuraminidase activity (Topley Wilsons 2005, Morgan Rapp 1977). It is primarily considered a childhood disease, easily communicable within a non-immunised population. Moreover, acute infection with the virus will confer lifelong immunity in most individuals (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Therefore as the virus is also confined to humans with no asymptomatic carrier state, to remain endemic within a population it relies upon infection of those still susceptible to infection. The MV itself is approximately 100–300 nm in diameter, with a core of single-stranded RNA which encodes for 8 proteins, surrounded in a helical capsid (Griffin 2010; Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Two viral transmembrane proteins; fusion (F) protein is responsible for fusion of virus and host cell membranes, viral penetration, and hemolysis. Hemagglutinin (H) is responsible for adsorption of virus to cells. Antibodies to these proteins may mitigate against infection of host cells (Griffin 2010). Other proteins include the matrix or M protein which links the envelope to the ribonucleoplasmid core, and the nucleoprotein (N) forms part of the ribonucleocapsid along with phosphoprotein (P) and large polymerase protein (L) which both are also necessary for RNA synthesis. Non structural proteins C and V also regulate response to infection (Topley Wilson 2005). A schematic of the virus is shown in figure 1. Fig 1. Adapted from Morgan Rapp 1977 Schematic of Measles virus Canine distemper and rinderpest viruses also belong to the same genus and share close antigenic relationship. In October 2010 the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation announced that Rinderpest had been successfully eradicated. Infection with measles also provided the first insight into suppression of the immune system by a virus, thus permitting secondary infections to occur relating to the mortality of infection (McChesney et al 1989). This area is of much interest to immunologists and was first noted over 200 years ago as TB infection was seen to follow measles infection (Karp 1999), of which alterations in cell mediated immunity is of most clinical concern. This was noted by von Pirquet whist performing the tuberculin skin test which failed to respond to it thus predisposing to secondary infectious from measles induced immunosuppression (Topley Wilson 2005). Isolation of the virus in 1954 by Enders and Peebles allowed the advent of measles vaccination, with the first vaccines being produced in 1963. Safe and effective vaccination programmes with the live further attenuated vaccine have eliminated the virus from most westernised societies (WHO weekly 2008); however the virus remains a major cause of mortality in populations lacking access to adequate medical care (Kerdiles et al 2006). In 2008, 164 000 measles deaths were recorded globally (WHO fact sheet 2009) and as recent as January 2011 Kofi Annan called for the UN Executive Board to set an eradication date for measles (Measles Initiative 2011). Progress on this front continues with immunisation programmes and effective surveillance this is highlighted by the reduction of measles deaths by 78% between 2000 and 2008. Symptoms The measles virus normally enters the body through the upper respiratory tract, or conjunctiva. The first clinical sign of infection is usually a febrile illness (38.3 °c), which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts four to seven days (fig2). Further signs and symptoms then develop in this prodromal illness these include malaise, cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, as the MV establishes a systemic infection involving multiple organ systems leading to Koplik spots and typical maculopapular rash and immunosuppression. Fig. 2. Adapted from Topley Wilson Microbiology Microbial Infections Immunology 10th edt. 2005. Transmission occurs through the air and involves close personal contact with an infected individual, surfaces or objects which they have been in contact. As the virus is highly contagious, it will remain active in the air and on these surfaces for up to two hours. It has been noted that up to 90% of people without immunity sharing a house with an infected individual will become infected (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Infected individuals can transmit the MV from four days prior to the onset of the rash to four days after the rash erupts. Studies also show the MV can be inactivated by heat, light, acidic pH, ether, and trypsin (Topley Wilson 2005). The virus replicates in the respiratory tract and then reaches local lymphoid tissue, producing primary viremia. Lymphoid tissues such as the thymus, spleen, and tonsils are normal sites of replication. Following replication within the lymphoid tissue, the MV spreads to other organs including the skin, kidney, lungs, liver and gastrointestinal tract known as secondary viremia. The MV replicates in epithelial and endothelial cells and is accompanied by vascular dilation, increased vascular permability, mononuclear cell infiltration and infection of surrounding tissue (Topley Wilson 2005). Small white spots develop inside the buccal cavity known as Koplik’s spots (fig 3a) due to nectrotic infection of the submucous glands, at this stage the individual is highly contagious and giant cells are present in the sputum and other secretions this occurs just prior to development of the typical rash.   Each of these signs is a typical characteristic of measles infection the rash then erupts, usually on the forehead, face and upper neck. The rash then spreads to cover the entire body over the next 3 days, lasts for about six days before it begins to disperse, this typical presentation is seen in figure 3b. This rash is said to occur due to vascular congestion epithelial necrosis and oedema. The entire course of uncomplicated measles, from late prodrome to resolution of fever and rash, is approximately 7-10 days. Fig 3. Characteristics of Measles infection (accessed from google images) Complications arising from measles infection result mainly from opportunistic secondary infections due to the immunosuppression induced by MV. The depression of the immune response may last up to 6 months (Kerdiles et al 2006). Complications are more common in children under the age of five, or adults over the age of 20 and occur in individuals who arepoorly nourished, especially those insufficient in vitamin A, or individuals with existing immunodeficiency such as HIV/AIDS. Diarrhoea and severe dehydration is not uncommon in developing countries where secondary infection is likely and worsens their individual’s nutritional status; this along with lack of substantial vitamin A may lead to post-measles blindness. Ear infections and pneumonia may also occur which will require antibiotics to treat the imposing infectious agent. Treatment of giant cell pneumonia is a very protracted and causes the majority of measles related deaths. However, more serious complications like encephalitis and persistent brain inflammation known as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) also occur though these are rare. SSPE will be discussed further on in this text. Measles infection during pregnancy may induce spontaneous abortion or still births other reports have stated measles infection during pregnancy may produce infants with a low birth weight or congenital malformaty (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Administration of antimeasles gammaglobulin less than three days after exposure may protect from infection this is discussed further in vaccination section. Acute encephalitis results in death in approximately 15% of patients who develop it (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Development usually occurs eight days after onset of the rash, symptoms of this can include recurrence of a high fever, persistent headache, vomiting, drowsiness, seizures and coma. Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis occurs only in the immunocompromised e.g. individuals with leukaemia present without rash as no immune response was elicited and is often confused with SSPE. Symptoms include seizures stupor or coma which is dependent on localisation of the disease within the CNS. This type of encephalitis has no antibodies detectable in the CSF (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Infection and spread MV replication involves the transcription of viral RNA to give + sense mRNA before this can be translated. The F protein facilitates fusion with the plasma membrane. Viral multiplication occurs in the cytoplasm, using the RNA polymerase and RNA modification enzymes packaged in the virus and use the nucleoplasmid as a template to transcribe viral mRNAs; theseare capped, methylated and polyadenylated translated and packed into the new virues and bud out through the cell plasma membrane. The non structural proteins C and V also play an important role in replication of the virus, this has be confirmed by in vitro studies, results of studies with animal models show that these proteins are also important for the virulence of the virus. They have also been investigated for their ability to produce IFN responses; C protein was shown to inhibit this (Kerdiles et al 2006). MV interaction with the immune system involves studying measles infection in humans, naturally and experimentally infected rhesus monkeys, cotton rats and transgenic mice and also some in vitro models (Griffin 2010). It is well known that the primary target for the MV is the monocyte and primarily causes the viremia during infection with accompanied leukopenia. Three cellular receptors for MV are recognized: the low affinity membrane co-factor protein CD46, present on all nucleated cells was the first receptor identified for the MV (Topley Wilson 2005). CD46 is the natural binding site for C3b/C4b complement components however; it also binds to the viral hemagglutinin (H) protein of the measles virus. The second receptor; higher affinity signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM ⠁„ CD150), a glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily is present on subsets of lymphocytes, thymocytes, macrophages, and DCs; and an unidentified receptor present on ciliated columnar respiratory epithelial cells (Griffin 2010). Recent studies have questioned the role of CD46 in vivo. This is confirmed as all viral strains tested preferentially bind CD150, therefore CD150 is the primary determinant of MV tropism (Griffin 2010). MV infections usually produce very distinctive cytopathic effects enabling formation of multinucleated giant cells. Binding of H protein to both CD46 and CD150 downregulate receptor expression; this may lead to activation of complement against uninfected lymphocytes, thus contributing to the associated leukopenia. This profound suppression of cell-mediated immunity was confirmed by Karp et al in 1996. Conversly interaction of H protein with TLR2 on surface of monocyte will stimulate IL-6 and increase CD150. This process also results in decreased IL-12 production from infected monocytes which may be a result of the reduction of IFN-ÃŽ ³ produced by T cells. The nucleocapsid protein (N) also reduces the release of IL-12 from monocytes, with resultant reduction in T cell proliferation which may lead to cellular apoptosis (Topley Wilson 2005). IFN-ÃŽ ³ also aids in the production of nitric oxide, though with down regulation of CD46 will alter the immune response to other intracellular pathogens e.g. mycobacteria. Therefore, CD46 as receptor in MV infection may disturb different aspect of the immune response. Downregulation of CD150 after infection may impair the Th1 response towards other pathogens due to the decrease in IFN-ÃŽ ³. Cytokines and chemokines produced during infection include IL-8 which is increase in early infection. IL-2, IFN-ÃŽ ³, are increased during the corresponding rash. In vitro systems have shown there is reduced IL-2 production during the inital stage of infection, Griffin et al shown that introduction of recombinant IL-2 along with neutralisation of high IL-4 restores lymphocyte proliferation (Topley Wilson 2005). The rash is associated with MV infection is due to the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the site of replication, with the CD8+ response occurring more rapidly than CD4+ which is more protracted. IgM response to infection occurs alongside appearance of the rash, to which serological detection is diagnostic. Increased MV specific IgG follows recovery from infection conferring lifelong immunity, notably in vitro infection of B cells reduces Immunoglobulin production, through binding of N protein to activated cells however in vivo studies show no B cell defect (Niewiesk et al 2000). After resolution of the rash regulatory CD4+ cells produce IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 (Griffin 2010). Changes to the cytokine profile seen with CD150 interactions may show that infection starts with a Th1 response and then converts to a regulatory Th2 response in later infection resulting in delayed hypersensitivy response. Diagnosis Treatment Diagnosis of measles is based upon the individuals’ history and clinical presentation, with appearance of Koplik spots and typical rash being diagnostic. However, laboratory methods may be required for more complicated cases e.g. in the case of modified or atypical measles. The virus is detectable by a number of different methodologies these include direct microscopy, immunofluorescence of nasopharyngeal secretions or urine, viral cultures and electron microscopy can all provide diagnosis. Though measles is best confirmed by serological detection of; IgM antibody against the virus, in the acute phase and IgG in the convalescent phase of disease using ELISA. Prevention of disease by administration of vaccine should always primary goal rather than treatment of disease, as the vaccine is cheap, safe, and effective. Adequate nutrition, fluid replacement and appropriate use of antibiotic if required is all that can be provided to treat measles infection though its recommended that all children in developing countries diagnosed with measles should receive treatment with two doses of vitamin A, given 24 hours apart should be provided to individuals in developing countries prevent permanent loss of vision, provision of this supplement has shown to reduce the number of deaths from measles by 50% (WHO factsheet 2009).    Vaccination Vaccination is the greatest success in Immunology; historically it all started with Jenner, cowpox and smallpox which led to production of a vaccine. However, now in the 21st century there are a multitude of vaccinations available. The WHO classified smallpox as being eradicated worldwide in 1980 and publish lists of prevalence of those diseases which they continue to strive to eliminate worldwide. The first measles vaccines were licensed in 1963. This included an inactivated vaccine and a live attenuated vaccine known as the Edmonston B Strain. The inactivated vaccine was withdrawn as it did not produce an immunogenic response and therefore did not provide immunity to the disease, those immunised with this vaccine may have later developed atypical measles if infected with the wild type virus. Atypical measles progresses similarly to measles though individuals will also experience headaches and abdominal pain with the rash beginning on the extremities and spreading over the body. It has been proposed the inactivated vaccine did not produce antibodies to the F protein and thus was unable to prevent its spread (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Modified measles is another form of the disease which occurs in partially immunised children or individuals who have received immune serum globulin and symptoms appear much milder than seen in acute measles (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). The original Edmonston B vaccine was able to seroconvert 95% of recipients however it was withdrawn in 1975 as it produced a mild form of measles in up to 10% of those vaccinated, to reduce the side effects gammaglobulin was administered. Thus, further live attenuated vaccines were sought including the Schwarz strain in 1965, and the Edmonston-Enders strain produced by passage in chicken cells was licensed in 1968, which caused fewer reactions than the original Edmonston B vaccine (Undergraduate Notes). The vaccine was combined with mumps and rubella vaccines and is licensed in 1971 as MMR (Undergraduate Notes). Furthermore, two doses of the vaccine was recommended to ensure immunity in 1989, as about 15% of vaccinated children fail to develop immunity from the first dose (WHO factsheet 2009). Varicella vaccine may also be combined and administered as MMRV, this format of vaccination was licensed in 2005. These vaccines are now supplied lyophylised and contain a small amount of human albumin, neomycin, sorbitol, and gelatine and are reconstituted prior to use. Clinical study of 284 triple seronegative children, 11 months to 7 years of age, demonstrated high immunogenic capability of the vaccine as it induced hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies in 95% of individuals for the measles vaccine thus conferring its effectiveness (MMR vaccine 2010). However, dispute that the vaccine causes autism first arose when Wakefield et al reported this in 1998 which may have reduced uptake of vaccine in theUKfor a period time before these claims were discredited by epidemiological studies which consistently found no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Vaccination rates in theEnglandhave increased from the 80% low in 2003-4 but are still below the 95% level recommended by the WHO to ensure herd immunity (HPA), notably the number of measles cases recorded in 2010 has decreased with improved uptake of the vaccination (HPA2). Global cooperation between a number of organisations has also ensured that 83% children received their first measles vaccine by the age of 1, up from 72% in 2000 (WHO factsheet 2009), and will work together in advancing the global measles strategy. In countries where measles has been largely eliminated, cases imported from other countries remain an important source of infection. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (SSPE) SSPE is an extremely rare degenerative condition of the brain caused by the reactivation of the measles virus after an interval of 6-8 years though incidences have also occurred almost 30 years from primary infection. The disorder is usually fatal and effects males more often than females, though incidence of SSPE is very low 1 case per 100 000(Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Most individuals with SSPE contracted the MV before the age of two, symptoms usually are slow and progressive, and begin with deterioration in the individuals’ mental faculty and individuals may experience hallucinations. Symptoms may not be recognised until further neurological or motor symptoms appear such as convulsions, dyspraxia, aphasia and other abnormal uncontrollable muscle movements. Visual disturbances may also occur if the virus invades the retina leading to complete blindness. The disease is nearly always fatal within 1 to 3 years. Diagnosis is made on the clinical presentation and confirmation by a high titre of antibody to the MV (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Investigations would include electroencephalogram (EEG), and computerised tomography (CT) to shown scarring of the brain and neuronal activity. There is no treatment available for those afflicted with SSPE; anticonvulsants such as Phenobarbital, valproic acid and others may be prescribed to control seizures. Although this disease is very severe and rare the final cause of death is usually pneumonia, the pneumonia results from extreme muscle weakness. With adequate vaccination cases of SSPE have also declined. References Topley Wilsons Microbiology Microbial Infections – Immunology 10th edt. Published by Edward Arnold Ltd. 2005 Chapter 39 Acquired immunodeficiencies pgs 803-806 Morgan EM Rapp F. Measles Virus and Its Associated Diseases. Bacteriological reviews Sept. 1977, Vol. 41, No. 3 pgs. 636-666 Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology 4th edt. Published by John Wiley sons Ltd. 2000 chapter 11 Measles by Schneider-Schaulies Meulen pgs 357-385 GriffinDE. Measles virus-induced suppression of immune responses. Immunological Reviews 2010 Vol. 236: 176–189 McChesneyMB, Oldstone MBA, Fujinami RS et al Virus Induced Immunosuppression: Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and suppression of Immunoglobulin synthesis during natural measles virus infection in rhesus monkeys. Journal of infectious diseases 1989 159:4 757-760 Karp CL. Measles: immunosuppression, interleukin-12, and complement receptors. Immunological Reviews 1999 Apr;168:91-101. World Health Organisation. Weekly epidemiological record: Progress in global measles control and mortality reduction, 2000–2007 2008, No. 49, 83, 441–448 Kerdiles YM, Sellin CI, Druelle J, Horvat B. Immunosuppression caused by measles virus: role of viral proteins. Reveiws in Medical Virology. 2006 Jan-Feb;16(1):49-63. World Health Organisation. Mealses factsheet no 286 2009 Measles Initiative UN: Statement on Eradication by Kofi Annan 2011 measlesinitiative.org/ Figure 3 images obtained from google.co.uk/images Karp CL, Wysocka M, Wahl LM, et al. Mechanism of suppression of cell-mediated immunity by measles virus. Science. 1996 Jul 12;273(5272):228-31. GriffinDE, Moench TR et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells during natural measles infection; cell surface phenotypes and evidence for activation clinical immunology and immunopathology 1986 40 305-312 Niewiesk S, Gotzelmann M, and ter Meulen V. Selective in vivo suppression of T lymphocyte responses in experimental measles virus infection   Proceeding of the natural academy of sciences USA 2000 97;4251-5 Information from Undergraduate notes 2008 MMR vaccine kit insert from Merck Co Inc.Whitehouse Station NJ,USApublished 2010 Health Protection Agency. (HPA1) Completed primary course at two years of age: Englandand Wales, 1966-1977, Englandonly 1978 onwards. hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebHPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733819251. Health Protection Agency. (HPA2) Confirmed cases of measles, mumps and rubella 1996-2009. hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebHPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733833790

Calorimeter Definition in Chemistry

Calorimeter Definition in Chemistry A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat flow of a chemical reaction or physical change. The process of measuring this heat is called calorimetry. A basic calorimeter consists of a metal container of water above a combustion chamber, in which a thermometer is used to measure the change in water temperature. However, there are many types of more complex calorimeters. The basic principle is that heat released by the combustion chamber increases the temperature of the water in a measurable way. The temperature change may then be used to calculate the enthalpy change per mole of substance A when substances A and B are reacted. The equation used is: q Cv(Tf - Ti ) where: q is the amount of heat in joulesCv  is the calorimeters heat capacity in joules per Kelvin (J/K)Tf and Ti are the final and initial temperatures Calorimeter History The first ice calorimeters were built based on Joseph Blacks concept of latent heat, introduced in 1761. Antoine Lavoisier coined the term calorimeter in 1780 to describe the apparatus he used to measure heat from guinea pig respiration used to melt snow. In 1782, Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace experimented with ice calorimeters, in which heat needed to melt ice could be used to measure heat from chemical reactions. Types of Calorimeters Calorimeters have expanded beyond the original ice calorimeters. Adiabatic calorimeter: Some heat is always lost to the container in an adiabatic calorimeter, but a correction factor is applied to the calculation to compensate for heat loss. This type of calorimeter is used to study runaway reactions.Reaction calorimeter: In this type of calorimeter, the chemical reaction occurs within an insulated closed container. Heatflow versus time is measured to arrive at the reaction heat. This is used for reactions intended to run at a constant temperature or to find the maximum heat released by a reaction.Bomb calorimeter: A bomb calorimeter is a constant-volume calorimeter, constructed to withstand the pressure produced by the reaction as it heats the air within the container. The temperature change of water is used to calculate the heat of combustion.Calvet-type calorimeter: This type of calorimeter relies on a three-dimensional fluxmeter sensor made of rings of thermocouples in series. This type of calorimeter allows for a larger sample size and reacti on vessel size, without sacrificing the accuracy of the measurement. An example of a Calvet-type calorimeter is the C80 calorimeter. Constant-pressure calorimeter: This instrument measure the enthalpy change of a reaction in solution under conditions of constant atmospheric pressure. A common example of this type of device is the coffee-cup calorimeter.

The Tattooed Soldier Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The Tattooed Soldier - Essay Example The story is based on two men who are haunted and the disastrous intersection of their lives. Antonio Bernal, who lives in San Cristobal Acatapan, is seen packing his worldly belongings in an untidy apartment full of blood, and this is after his wife and kid of two years old were killed by a death squad. This was the main reason that made him leave Guatemalan for the fear of being attacked. His mind is full of memories of that fateful day; his freaked flight; and the yellow tattooed killer that he managed to see. As he strolls, he joins the evicted community that comprised of individuals from every situation conflicting the tides of bad luck with scrapings of tins and cardboards and humor and friendship. The writer in his fiction debut brings the metropolitan landscape to persistent life on the page and reveals that the inner setting of his characters with stunning precision and immediacy (Tober, 1). This novel is a fascinating story of revenge set on the lowermost rung of Los Angeles social ladder, within the hardscrabble lives of the homeless and illegal immigrants. The tattooed killer known as Guillermo Longoria was the veteran of the death squad in Guatemalan that was aimed at driving out the contamination of socialism. Furthermore, as Antonio strolled he saw Longoria calmly eating a chocolate flavored ice cream in the city center at a place known as MacArthur and he was thrilled with the likelihood of revenging his loved ones. He even went to the extent of acquiring a gun so as to use it in his mission of revenge to the death of his wife and child. This was not his wish, but circumstances had started converting him to a retaliator. Accordingly, â€Å"During the day, soldiers dressed as civilians came to kidnap professors and students† (87). In addition, Longoria, who was a peasant farmer and involuntarily joined the army, nevertheless, in the end he developed to love the authority it gave him.

Group Formation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group Formation - Essay Example After setting the rules, the group then passed by the antecedent stage, wherein group socialization played a big part to make them understand one another’s thoughts and ideas. It is also in this process wherein the 5 co-workers started to feel the group climate as they get along. Through groupthink, the group was then able to do their preliminary plans on how to consolidate the 30 employees in the workplace. In order to systematize the groups’ functions, roles were defined, with each member having assigned individual roles to follow. Some group member chose to have maintenance roles in the group, while some opted to have task roles to accomplish. As the group members did their jobs, some experienced primary tensions, especially for those whose group members’ roles did not fit their respective hidden agenda. Such situation resulted to a punctuated equilibrium among the group members, which again complicated to secondary tensions, especially because trust among gro up members was lost, compromising the cohesiveness of the group. Soon enough, the group turned out not to work out, forcing its members to accept the exit stage.

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Sociology - Essay Example (2). The social perceptions and social constructs of gender have played a major role in the way in which the two genders have advanced in politics in the United States of America. (3). In this social construct women were considered Ill-equipped for the function of politics, leading to women having hardly any role to play in politics. (1). Women meekly accepted this less than subordinate role in politics, as assigned by social constructs, so much so they played a very small role in the political arena, leading to a situation wherein there was a paucity of women as political leaders, a vacuum that women still strive to fill in the United States of America. Thus the absence of women from the political power structures can be put down to the social construct of women not being naturally built for a role in politics, and the meek acceptance of such a social construct by women for a very long period of time in American politics. (4). The United States has for long been known as the â€Å"melting pot† of diverse races and cultures, which should mean that assimilation has occurred and there is equality in all aspects. However, this is not true particularly in the case of the minorities made up of the African-Americans, the Latinos and the Asians, who have not been assimilated into this land with a white majority, and so do not enjoy equality in all aspects including economic power. (5). This lack of assimilation is important in a land where the whites are in majority and believe that the responsibility of success or failure of an individual or a group of individuals is solely theirs and is a reflection of the effort, culture, and values of the individual or group of individuals. Having been the dominant grouping with access to all the facilities that are required for economic success, while there has been denial to the minorities

Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrialization - Essay Example The country had started as a young and weak nation with loose association of the former colonies and a traditional economy. The country had a major focus on agriculture and it was only now that the country was able move into mechanization. This had not only allowed for a bettered living situation for the normal Americans but also led to higher number of work available for the Americans as well. It was in 1851 that the change was very evident as the producers from various nations had gathered to celebrate the industrialization and this also led to higher number of jobs available for the people of the country. The American economy had emerged to become one of the largest and most productive on the globe and this had led to the major changes in the society, it led to urban population growth and rural population decline. Also the nature of the labor also changes to a great extent. The cities grew and the urban areas of the country expanded fivefold. Also there was an explosion in the gro wth of the big cities and the industrial revolution and its effects are seen even until the current day. Overall the industrialization has led to a large hop in the economy of the country along with the general public receiving a lot out of the changes as well. It has been a complete win – win situation for both the nation as well the ordinary

The standard policy of new technology applied in distribution power Essay

The standard policy of new technology applied in distribution power network - Essay Example not merely includes within its ambit, interlinked transmission systems, but moves ahead to encompass all the aspects of energy industry that is energy generation, transmission, distribution and consumption (Saint 2009). It includes within its scope, the energy related technicalities at the household and industrial level. It is a pity that in the last few years, much stress has been laid on developing efficient household and industrial complex distribution and transmission models; a commensurate enthusiasm was not shown in developing smart distribution networks. In this context, the concept of Smart Grid is path breaking and ingenious. There is no denying the fact that the US Energy Policy and Security Act of 2007 is a trail blazing strategy that has laid down the framework for standardizing policies pertaining to new technologies in the distribution power networks (Saint 2009). The strategy enshrined in this document not only aspires to achieve maximum reliability and obliterating an y barriers to the development and deployment of Smart Grid, but also intends to gain in terms of energy savings and making cost effective investments in the realm of Smart Grid (Saint 2009). The standard policy towards energy distribution in the developed countries around the world tends to encourage the modernization of transmission and distribution systems, while making way for dependable, fool proof and reliable power infrastructure that can adjust to and accommodate any future alterations in demand and technology. The crux of the Smart Grid is to facilitate a demand response that is in consonance with the ethos of free markets and economies, and also enables the consumers to have a proactive role in adjusting their energy needs to the changing prices (Saint 2009). At the same time it intends to exploit all the possible power generation and storage options, by it the wind, solar or bio energy (Saint 2009). The eventual idea is to forge such an approach towards energy generation and

Industrialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrialization - Essay Example The country had started as a young and weak nation with loose association of the former colonies and a traditional economy. The country had a major focus on agriculture and it was only now that the country was able move into mechanization. This had not only allowed for a bettered living situation for the normal Americans but also led to higher number of work available for the Americans as well. It was in 1851 that the change was very evident as the producers from various nations had gathered to celebrate the industrialization and this also led to higher number of jobs available for the people of the country. The American economy had emerged to become one of the largest and most productive on the globe and this had led to the major changes in the society, it led to urban population growth and rural population decline. Also the nature of the labor also changes to a great extent. The cities grew and the urban areas of the country expanded fivefold. Also there was an explosion in the gro wth of the big cities and the industrial revolution and its effects are seen even until the current day. Overall the industrialization has led to a large hop in the economy of the country along with the general public receiving a lot out of the changes as well. It has been a complete win – win situation for both the nation as well the ordinary

Women in Early Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women in Early Psychology - Essay Example The purpose of this research is to document, evaluate and make visible the diversity and excellence of women's contributions to the subfield emerged in the form of child psychology. How and in what circumstances women pioneers cascade in the field and what motivated them to devote their significant contributions towards child psychology are the concerns that not only enabled contemporary psychologists to acknowledge the broadening of framework within which women sought knowledge in context with child psychology, but these are the issues which no doubt laid the foundation for the integration of women's contributions into children works. Therefore, this paper is a brief effort to seek and analyze the extent to which contemporary psychologists complement earlier work so as to provide a brief synopsis of examining the careers and contributions of women psychologists since the inception of child psychology as a science in the late nineteenth century. Women's entry into psychology is though associated with a myriad of overlapping and interweaving social and economic factors shaping American culture in the early nineteenth century. ... women to enter into psychology include the events of world wars, the great depression and its social and economic aftermath, while the civil rights movement and the resurgence of the women's movement in the 1960s and 1970s were also the factors responsible for provoking awareness among women. Many early male psychologists believe that the credit of entering women in this field goes to feminists because early feminists who organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention intended equality for women. But since political realities oppose and led this notion to exploit the rhetoric of the reform movements, it was decided by the bureaucrats that in order to maximize voting (which was needed badly at that time) women could stand near the ballot box to watch the children casting vote at the ballot box (O' Connell & Russo, 1988, p. 9). Later with the help of feminist reform movements when women were given access to higher education, better conditions of employment and equal political rights, the emphasis on child welfare increased and was accompanied by a societal and professional approach. This trend led women to be more professional resulting in the emergence of women's contribution towards psychological science, which served as a tool to access higher education. Working along political school of thought, with such approach women started contemplating the role of the 'motherhood' in context with a scientific line of work that required intelligence and training in order to produce healthy generation. Thus, motherhood along with the collaboration of science initiated a unique service of child welfare that suggested a framework behind women's higher education and that was to encourage women's participation in the world of child psychology. The Contribution of Stella

Needs Assessment Essay Example for Free

Needs Assessment Essay Students desire more than paper and pencil lessons. According to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM), â€Å"Technology is driving change in the content of mathematics programs, in methods for mathematics instruction, and in the ways that mathematics is learned and assessed† (as cited in Van de Walle, 2004, p. 103). In this study, I want to investigate whether any differences occur in the overall effectiveness of student learning of fraction lessons when the information is presented using different types of visual media, in this case, computer versus overhead. The purpose of this study is to describe the impact of presenting fraction math lessons using computer based instruction versus overhead projection presentations. Eighth-grade math students will feel more engaged while receiving computer-based instruction versus eighth-grade students who receive overhead projection instruction. The participants are 12 math students at a Middle School. All of the students have basic computer skills. The twelve students are all eighth graders but their scores vary on the math section of the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP) standardized test. However, the test scores in class show that students struggle with fraction problems. Twelve students will be randomly divided into groups; one group of six students will have computer-based instructions on solving problems involving fractions and percentages, compounded percentages and multiple discounts and the other group of six students will have lecture based instruction using the overhead and paper worksheets. â€Å"The logic of needs assessment can be summarized as a simple equation: desired status – actual status = need† (Dick, Carey, Carey, 2005). Currently, the desired status is for the math students to score 80% on in-class fraction test. The actual status is that students are scoring between 69 – 70 %. The need is to improve the scores about ten points. Students become bored taking notes and looking at the overhead information. Students using the computer are forced to be actively engaged. Using student’s interest in present day technology gives both sides an advantage in obtaining educational success. The question that still remains is does it give students an edge over paper and pencil taught lessons? A high school in Texas, San Marcos High, put the questions to the test. Teachers were initially impressed with on-line lessons. However, during the assessment phase, it was hard to determine if students were guessing the answers to the multiple choice questions or answering the questions correctly. When questioned why the school chose to use the on-line based lessons, Mr. Darnall, the math department head, states â€Å"Both of us really thought it was a way to capture the students’ attention† (Trotter, 2007). According to Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction, â€Å"in order for any learning to take place, you must first capture the attention of the student† (Kruse, n. d. ). Computer based lessons will satisfy this event. The students will be studied in their own groups. Data collection method included pre-test and posttest, interviewing, and observing students. Data will be collected in the form of daily worksheets and graded test. Also, students will completed a questionnaire about how involved they felt in each lesson. Answers from the questionnaire provided insight into the level of comfort student’s felt in using visual media to learn fractions. Students were observed during each presentation to look for a degree of understanding or misunderstanding. Triangulation is essential to cross-check information and presents an accurate view of the results. Three types of data to allow for triangulation are observing, interviewing, and examining records. These instruments were appropriate because these factors support the action of ensuring that the students have the prerequisite knowledge to begin instruction and supports informing the students what they will learn ( Dick, et al, 2005). Data will be analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics for measures of central tendency (mean, mode, median) and variability (standard deviation) (Gay, Mills, Airasian, 2006). Interviews will be analyzed by grouping similar responses into clusters that address the same issue and develop total scores across an item cluster (Gay et al, 2006). References Dick, W. , Carey, L. , Carey, J. O. (2005). The systematic design of instruction (6th ed). Allyn Bacon. Gay, L. R. , Mills, G. E. , Airasian, P.(2006). Educational research: Competencies for Analysis and applications (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kruse, K. (n. d. ). Gagne’s nine events of instruction: An introduction. Retrieved February 23, 2008, from http://www. e-learningguru. com/articles/art3_3. htm Trotter, A. (May 9, 2007). School subtracts math text to add e-lessons, test. Education Week. 26(36), 10-11. Van De Walle, J. A. (2004). Elementary and middle school mathematics: Teaching Developmentally. MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Gender Dysphoria The Social Cultural And Scientific Implications Sociology Essay

Gender Dysphoria The Social Cultural And Scientific Implications Sociology Essay Young people who come to believe they were born into the wrong sex are more prone to post-traumatic stress disorder, physical and violent abuse, and self harming behaviour. An American study that questioned young adults about their childhood beliefs and practices found that 39% of women, who experienced the highest level of gender uncertainty, endured some type of abuse, as did 30% of men, according to Andrea L. Roberts, PhD, of Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and colleagues. And among children and teens evaluated for medical intervention to suppress puberty or for hormone therapy, 44% had been given a psychiatric diagnosis most often depression and 21% reported self-mutilation, reported Norman P. Spack, MD, of Harvard Medical School and Childrens Hospital Boston, and colleagues. It is clear that ones gender identity can be and is influenced by numerous factors, in particular chromosome type, genitalia, the environment and social factors. Many people consider themselves to be cisgender, that is, belonging to either the male or female gender corresponding to their assigned at birth sex of male or female. Before the 20th century, someones sex would be determined entirely by the appearance of the genitalia, but as chromosomes and genes came to be understood, these were then used to help determine true sex. Those defined as women, by sex, have genitalia considered female, as well as two X chromosomes; those viewed as men, by sex, are seen as having male genitalia, one X and one Y chromosome. However, some individuals have a combination of these chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia that do not follow the traditional definitions of men and women. In addition, genitalia vary greatly or individuals may have more than one type of genitalia. Also, other bodily attributes related to a persons sex (body shape, facial hair, high or deep voice, etc.) may or may not coincide with the social category, as woman or man. A survey of the research literature from 1955-2000 suggests that as many as one in every hundred individuals may have some intersex characteristic. Intersex phenomena are not unique to humans. In a number of species, even more striking examples exist, for instance the bilateral gynandromorphic zebra finch (half-male, half-female body along its symmetry plane). The definition of gender identity is a widely contested topic. In the majority of Western culture, there exists a so-called gender binary whereby sex and gender are divided into two non-overlapping, opposite and, disconnected, domains: masculine and feminine. Although the formation of gender identity is not completely understood, many factors have been suggested as influencing its development. Biological factors that may influence gender identity include pre- and post-natal hormone levels and gene regulation. Social factors which may influence gender identity include gender messages conveyed by family, mass media, and other institutions. Ones gender identity is also influenced by the social learning theory, which assumes that children develop their gender identity through observing and imitating gender-linked behaviours, and then being rewarded or punished for behaving that way. In some cases, a persons gender identity may be inconsistent with their biological sex characteristics, re sulting in individuals dressing and/or behaving in a way which is perceived by others as being outside cultural gender norms; these gender expressions may be described as gender variant or transgender. So, it becomes apparent that gender identity can be influenced by many factors. As a consequence, many problems surrounding gender identity can arise. The most common of these is known as Gender Identity Disorder, which is defined as formal diagnosis used by psychologists and physicians to describe persons who experience significant gender dysphoria. GID is often depicted in the media. Television episodes of Chicago Hope, ER and Law Order, have all had plots based upon the topic. Three celebrated feature films, Glen or Glenda? in 1953, Ma Vie en Rose in 1997 and Boys Dont Cry in 1999, have also presented an alternative view on the subject. Twelfth Night: Shakespeares play on Gender Dysphoria. In the play, Shakespeare links to the Eve of the feast of Epiphany: it was originally a Catholic holiday but prior to the Elizabethan era it had become a day of revelry. The servants wore their masters clothes, men dressed as women, and so on. This history of celebratory rituals provided the cultural backdrop for the plot of Shakespeares play, which centres around gender dysphoria. More recently, we have of course seen the success of Barry Humphries who has led an entire career impersonating a woman named Dame Edna Everidge, (whom has only recently been retired). Little Britain: I am a Lady! sketch (for presentation.) Cabaret Kenneth J. Zucker, in his GENDER IDENTITY AND SEXUAL DISORDERS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia) third gender Punjabis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27afafine third gender Samoans Testosterone and Oestrogen their differing effects on the determining of gender. Can gender reassignment surgery include a neurological aspect; in other words, can the male brain be rewired to that of a female, and vice versa? Can the pharmacology aspect of gender reassignment be gradually phased out in favour of a neurological approach? Key syndromes that create gender uncertainty Turners Syndrome Kleinfelders Syndrome Ethics of hormone supplements and gender reassignment surgery with particular reference to GRS in the young. Can a minor be capable of choosing their own gender / going against their DNA heritage / gender from birth when he/she is legally not able to drive, smoke, drink in public, be responsible for criminal actions? Numerous cases of sex-change regret : ___________________________________________________________________________________________ It is certainly true that gender dysphoria, gender identity disorder, transsexualism, and gender identity as a whole, are topical subjects. Arguably they are considered taboo, since to many they are unnatural and bizarre issues. Indeed, up until the early 20th century, discussion of gender identity and factors influencing gender identity rarely occurred outside a scientific context. Nowadays, disorders concerning gender are becoming more recognised and discussed by the wider community because of the (often negative) media coverage of such disorders. Nevertheless, it would seem that more progress can be made in terms of the way in which people with such conditions as Gender Identity disorder are treated, both in the medical world and by society. One particular statistic which highlights this fact is the following: An American study  [1]  that questioned young adults about their childhood beliefs and practices found that 39% of women, who experienced the highest level of gender dys phoria, endured some type of abuse, as did 30% of men. Many people consider themselves to be cisgender, that is, belonging to either the male or female gender corresponding to their assigned at birth sex of male or female. Before the 20th century, someones sex would be determined entirely by the appearance of the genitalia, but as chromosomes and genes came to be understood, these were then used to help determine true sex. Broadly speaking, there are two groups of hormones, the androgens and the oestrogens, with the androgens promoting the development of male characteristics by binding to certain androgen receptors that regulate the expression of numerous genes; androgen regulated genes are critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype. The oestrogens promote the development of female characteristics by binding to intracellular oestrogen receptors, which in turn regulate the expression of numerous genes. Oestrogen regulated genes are, conversely, critical for the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype. Of the androgens, testosterone is the most crucial and well known, because in men it plays a key role in the development of reproductive tissues such as the testes and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair  [2]  . Those defined as women, by sex, have genitalia considered female, as well as two X chromosomes; those viewed as men, by sex, are seen as having male genitalia, one X and one Y chromosome. However, some individuals have an inconsistent combination of these chromosomes, hormones, and genitalia that do not cohere with the traditional definitions of men and women. Also, other bodily attributes related to a persons sex (body shape, facial hair, high or deep voice) may or may not coincide with the social category, as either woman or man. A survey of the extensive research literature between 1955-2000 suggests that as many as one in every hundred individuals may have some inte rsex characteristic. Intersex phenomena are not unique to humans. In a number of species, even more striking examples exist, for instance the bilateral gynandomorphic zebra finch (half-male, half-female body along its symmetry plane). At this point, it is important to define the three key terms: gender identity, sex, and gender role. Gender identity is the psychological recognition of oneself, as well as the wish to be recognised by others as fitting into one of the social categories  [3]  , (man or woman, boy or girl.) Sex is the more technical term concerned with the bodily anatomy: it is the physical differentiation as male or female, indicated by the external appearance of the genitalia and the presence of gonads (testes in boys, ovaries in girls) which will then determine reproductive function, as well as differences in brain structure and function  [4]  . Gender role is the role in society the interaction with others which both gives expression to the inner gender identity and reinforces it. Despite the greater gender equality in modern Western culture in terms of: the subjects studied in school and at university; the choice of friends; work and domestic arrangements; dress and leisure pursuits, the re is still a presumption of conformity to societys pre-requisites about what is appropriate for a man or a woman, a boy or a girl, especially in terms of form  [5]  . Too great a deviation from the pre-requisites tends to result in reactions of anxiety from bystanders and often the bullying of those who exhibit these deviations: people with gender identity disorder and/or transgender people. Gender dysphoria appears frequently in cultures of many different heritages. The term third sex, which means individuals that are neither man nor woman, but rather lie in between the two gender categories. The term can be applied to the Faafafine people of Polynesia, the Sworn Virgins of the Balkans, the hijras of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, and others. A significant discussion of gender identity arose when Beck Laxton, a 46 year old mother from Cambridgeshire, announced publicly her ambition to raise her son to be gender-neutral. When asked why, she responded: Because I wanted to avoid all that stereotyping stereotypes seem fundamentally stupid. Why would you want to slot people into boxes? Its like horoscopes: what could be stupider than thinking there are 12 types of personality that depend on when you were born? Its so idiotic. But numerous critics of Laxtons position have highlighted that her decision will likely expose her child to bullying in later life. An adolescent diso rder of anxiety or depression related to gender dysphoria or sexual orientation has been classified as sexual maturation disorder by the WHO under Psychological and behavioural disorders associated with sexual development and orientation.  [6]  

Ode To A Nightingale Essay -- English Literature

Ode To A Nightingale Choose a poem which you think could be described as a â€Å"quiet† or â€Å"reflective† poem. Show how the poet has achieved this effect and discuss to what extent you find it a suitable way of dealing with the subject matter in the poem. In your answer you must refer closely to the text and to at least two of mood; theme; sound; imagery; rhythm or any other appropriate feature. â€Å"Ode To A Nightingale† by John Keats is a poem which Keats wrote when he was dying. Due to this, the poem is extremely reflective on the things Keats considers important to him, namely life, death and his imagination. By using the nightingale to embody these aspects, Keats is effective, in my opinion, in attempting to deal with the matter at hand, and involving me in his struggle between life and death. One of the things which the nightingale represents to Keats is death. This is not surprising as he is near death and so it is influencing the way he thinks. At times Keats welcomes death and at other times is undecided, but always the nightingale is used as a representation for it. â€Å"That I might drink, and leave the world unseen, And with thee fade away into the forest dim:† He is talking to the nightingale here, telling it that he will go with it, into the forest. Here the nightingale signifies death and Keats is wishing to follow it, to, in effect, die. Keats uses the metaphor of fading to show his transition into death. This use of imagery emphasizes the reflective nature of Keats, and I find it a very effective way to show how he is thinking. As the nightingale represents death, Keats embraces it and sees it as the only real painless way. â€Å"I have been half in love with easeful Death, Call’d... ...other groan; Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs, Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;† Conversely, this shows life as a painful thing, from which Keats wants release. He has made his mind up as to what life is like for him and others. This contemplation shows where he is in his life and musings. It seems Keats is prepared to die, and this shows that. In conclusion, Keats makes the poem very reflective by reflecting on the meaning of life through a nightingale. For Keats, the nightingale represents, in essence, the cycle of life, and shows that death an exist along with life. The bird also represents Keats imagination, and this he also reflects on, along with the complexity of life and death. I think that Keats was very effective is achieving a reflective poem which deals with the intricacy of death and the agony of life.

Inequality in Legal System Essays -- essays research papers

Inequality Paper Inequality in the Legal System   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States, true equality has never existed. From the Declaration of Independence to modern times, the US legal system has failed at any attempt at equality. ‘...all men are created equal...’ may be what the Declaration says, but ‘some men are more equal than others’ is how the legal system really interprets that phrase. The actual reality of the Declaration of Independence is that all free, white, landowning men are created equal. Therefore, inequality has always existed in the united States’ legal system and continues to exist today; however, the inequality presently in the system is not as blatant as what it once was. Slavery continued in the United States for nearly ninety years after the Declaration, and African Americans still feel the sting of inequality today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most controversial issues today is the act of racial profiling. The most common form is direct, meaning victims are directly profiled, usually by the police. In this form, individual officers act on racial stereotypes against racial minorities, especially African Americans. Recent studies in New Jersey and Illinois have confirmed that minorities are disproportionately targeted by police officers, although minorities are almost helpless in reporting ‘color of law’ attacks. It is their word against a legal official and, in most cases, the minority victim does not receive justification because the officers are cleared of charges. Out of nearly 10,000 color of law complaints received each year by the Department of Justice, only about thirty police officers are actually prosecuted. According to a June 1999 study done by the American Civil Liberties Union, many states have denied that racial profiling occurs despite overwhelming evidence supporti ng it. The public wants to believe that police officers are doing their jobs righteously by protecting and serving; however, according to the study, most Americans can recognize the difference between racism and assertive, effective policing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Millions of Americans watch television everyday for various reasons, but the most common one is to get the latest news. People like to stay informed, but what good is it when they are constantly being misinformed? The media tend to ‘profile’ just as much... ...rican Americans made up 43 percent of the death row inmates, which was more than three times the 13 percent share of the US population. This is mainly because African Americans rarely receive strong legal representation. They either can’t afford good attorneys or attorneys who have experience in that area are so overburdened that defendants must rely on public defenders or other attorneys with little or no expertise in covering a capital defense. Most African Americans are on death row for the accusation of killing a Caucasian person, which makes the public wonder if there is a premium on Caucasian life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States’ legal system has never been truly equal because it was founded on inequality and has always depended on inequality. The system could easily be changed to eliminate those inequalities, such as racial profiling, but that will not likely happen. So long as there is a majority dependent on the disparities of a minority, the system will maintain its current sanctity. In doing so, the system will remain dependent on inequality and provide means for future inequalities. The US legal system will always adapt to allow for inequalities.

Overview Weaknesses And Strengths Of Globalization Economics Essay

Globalization can be defined in a assortment of ways since it is a really of import term as it influences the planetary economic systems. It can be defined as the motion toward communications, fiscal, economic, and trade integrating. Globalization entails opening out beyond chauvinistic and local positions to a wider mentality of an interdependent and interrelated universe through free transportation of goods, services, and capital over national frontiers. Globalization is a term that is often employed to put a tendency in the way of increased flow of thoughts, money, goods, and services across national boundary lines and the attendant consolidation of the planetary economic system ( Waters 2001, pg.36 ) . Globalization is closely related to international trade which can be defined as the exchange of goods, services, and capital across districts or national boundary line. The addition in the international trade enhances the continuation of globalisation. If there were no international trade, so seemingly states would non acquire entree to the assortment of goods and services produced in different states of the universe ( World Bank 2008, pg.56 ) . It has been found that globalisation does non affect unhampered labour motion, and as intimated by some economic experts, globalisation may ache fragile or smaller economic systems if practiced randomly. Globalization is by and large recognized as being goaded by a combination of technological, political, economic, biological and socio-cultural factors. From some other position, globalisation can mention to the transnational circulation of linguistic communications, popular civilization, or thoughts by socialization ( Tomlinson 1999, pg. 123 ) . This paper will supply an outstanding analysis of the failings and strengths the term globalisation. Strengths of globalisation Supporters of globalisation contend that globalisation can perchance break the universe economically by work outing many jobs which are deep-rooted for illustration poorness and unemployment. Harmonizing to the economic theory, increased globalisation will take down the pay of unskilled labour in developed states and raise the pay of unskilled labour within the developing states as the two groups start to merchandise with each other. Globalization generates resources and encourages the transportation of thoughts that can be utilized for both single and community betterment. Among many other things, globalisation makes rural economic variegation and agricultural productiveness additions more accomplishable. Globalization besides makes environmental stewardship, improved conditions of life, and nutrient security more come-at-able. Due to globalisation, the fringy can now acquire the chance to exhibit themselves in the universe market ( Bauman 1998, pg.121 ) . Globalization encourages the industrialised states to supply important market topographic points for exports of hapless persons within hapless states. The planetary agricultural and nutrient companies can help the 3rd universe states incorporate required safety, and quality patterns by acquiring entree to markets in developed states. Since globalisation means de-localization of assorted endeavors within the word, many people can acquire entree to many industries and in due class globalisation promotes economic growing in the planetary universe, brings about competition among companies, enables manufacturers and retail merchants to cut down the monetary values of assorted trade goods so that consumers can afford them and hence increases the demand on the trade goods. Because of the increased efficiency, the public assistance is raised by offering more low-cost goods and services such that the buying power is increased. Globalization reallocates capital and labour to more efficient and effectual lines of production. Globalization helps hapless states by extracts of engineering and foreign capital which enhances economic development. The economic development due to globalization brings modern ways of linking people, from roads to electricity to telecommunications. The planetary companies offer developing to employees and supply clip, money and endowment that helps them to turn to demands of the community, raising communal and single aspirations and supplying ways for carry throughing them. Since globalisation brings about spreading of prosperity, it enables assorted states to possess conditions in which regard for human right and democracy can boom ( Appadurai 1996, pg.65 ) . Globalization encourages the being of foreign direct investing. The foreign direct investing is a cardinal portion of an effectual and unfastened international economic system and it acts as a head means to development. States in passage, developing states and emerging economic systems have realized that foreign direct investing is the beginning of modernisation and economic development, employment and income growing. Many states have freed up their foreign direct investing governments and acted on other policies in order to pull investing. Foreign direct investing enhances a main beginning of capital that is accompanied with up-to-date engineering. It has been found that to bring forth this capital by domestic agencies is a hard undertaking, and even if there is a possibility to bring forth it locally, importing the indispensable engineering from abroad would still be a hard undertaking. This is because, the transportation of engineering to companies without anterior experience of how to utilize it, is expensive, hard, and hazard. Foreign direct investing signifiers many outwardnesss over along period of clip in the signifier of benefits bing to the full economic system. These comprise of upgrading the telecommunication services, constitution of trading and finance related webs, creative activity of modern accounting and direction methods, industrial upgrading, work experience necessary for labour force, and specific engineerings and general cognition in production and distribution. The foreign direct investing in services has a great influence on the fight of the host state as it raises the productiveness of capital hence enabling the host state to pull new capital on promoting footings. Foreign direct investing brings about the being of services that can be utilized as strategic inputs within the traditional export sector so that to spread out the volume of trade every bit good as to upgrade production through procedure and merchandise invention. Foreign direct investing finds its application in the economically underdeveloped states. For the 90s decennary, foreign direct investing was among the main external beginnings of support for many states that were sing growing in the economic position. Foreign direct investing has aided many states during the clip of economic adversities. For case, in some states of East Asia, it was seen that during the financial jobs of 1997 to 1998 the sum of foreign direct investing that was made in these states was moderately steady. Foreign direct investing promotes the creative activity of new employment chances in a given state, and it enhances the addition of wages for the workers. Due to this, many people have led better life styles and have obtained many important installations in life ( Featherstone et al. 1995, pg.76 ) . The biggest significance of globalisation in the planetary universe is the rise in competition, which has in bend benefited many states worldwide in footings of economic promotion. Competition has a positive influence both on the well being of consumers and on the economic system of a state as a whole. It has been seen that competition long pillows international fight and productiveness of the concern sector and every bit good it enhances economic growing and dynamic markets. Due to globalisation, the whole universe has become merely like a state merely because people are allowed to traverse the national frontiers into foreign states. The progress in engineering has besides encouraged a batch of interaction between different states of the universe. As most of the states in the planetary universe remain in touch with economic promotion in other states, they look for options to catch up with the advanced states therefore conveying about world-wide competition. Consumers have benefited a batch from completion as they obtain goods and service from their retail merchants and manufacturers at competitory monetary values. When the monetary values for goods and services in a given state are higher than those in the foreign states because of deficiency of competition between the markets, the houses well become less competitory and hence suffer within the market place. Competition besides is really of import in advancing efficiency and productiveness. It has been seen that, those companies faced with strong competition are persistently driven to go more productive and more efficient in the production. This is because they are cognizant that their rivals are persistently looking for ways to cut down the costs of production so as to derive a competitory advantage. Owing to the relentless force per unit area, the houses in competition guarantee that efficiency and betterments in productiveness are made so that they can non in their market place or even vaporize wholly. It is the procedure of terrible competition between challengers that drives companies to set more attempt in offering better services, quality goods, and lower monetary values. Competition has positive influence on invention. Innovation is really important to success in today ‘s universe which is engineering driven. Competition brings about force per unit area to different companies, promoting them to present new production techniques for new merchandises. Without the force per unit area, a state ‘s economic system will dawdle behind other states ‘ economic systems as a centre of invention hence losing international fight ( Michael & A ; Porter 1990, pg.120 ) . It has been seen that globalisation has got its strengths on the promotion of universe economic systems. Many states in the universe have experienced the positive effects of globalisation, for case poorness has been reduced to greatest extent, modern and new methods of production have been realized, a good figure of employment chances have been created, and most states have obtained the advanced modern engineering. In malice of all these benefits of globalisation, it has besides been found that globalisation has its ain negative impacts on universe economic systems. Globalization has encouraged spread of diseases, and has brought about loss of cultural individuality. Failings of globalisation Globalization has influenced exigency and spread of assorted infective diseases. This is because people are allowed to traverse the international frontiers and acquire into foreign states. The free motion of people, vectors, trade goods, nutrient, decision-making power, and capital, aboard planetary demographic tendencies, has brought about the incidence infective diseases in the topographic point of finish. The unprecedented velocity and volume of human mobility are the most blazing manifestation in today ‘s epoch of globalisation. The planetary population is seen to turn at an increased rate such that the societal and economic disparities between the hapless and rich states become intense. This has brought about increased figure of migrators as they search for employment chances to break the quality of their lives. Many demographists and political scientists have observed the 21st century as characterized by migrations. Migrant populations comprise the most susceptible group to emerging and reemerging catching diseases and have been seen as the major causal factor in the world-wide spread of such infective diseases such as the multi drug immune TB. The modern manners of transit that enable more merchandises and people to acquire to different topographic point in the universe at faster velocity have besides opened air passages for the motion of disease vectors from one continent to another. For case, mosquitoes can perchance traverse the seas and oceans by siting in the wheel Wellss of an aeroplane. The incidence of West Nile virus in New York City in the twelvemonth 1999 is a really good illustration of the disease that was availed in North America by vectors transported in aeroplane. Beyond this transit of disease vectors, there is grounds that planetary heating is doing the alterations in distribution of disease vectors worldwide and hence increasing the incidence rates of different tropical diseases like dandy fever and malaria. Global heating is caused by adult male ‘s activities like industrialisation which consequences into increased sum of nursery gases in the ambiance. Persons from rich states have invaded hapless and developing states with the purpose of set uping their houses most of which emit nursery gases into the ambiance. Therefore globalisation brings about the possibility of planetary heating in the universe. The demand for planetary nutrient market every bit good as the motion of nutrient from one state to another has besides been important for nutrient borne diseases. Global transit of nutrient has besides raised the concern on the issue of antibiotic opposition in adult male. The animate beings that produce nutrient merchandises like milk and eggs are normally administered with drugs to forestall diseases and increase production. However, these drugs have been found to do bugs to derive opposition against drugs that are used for human disease medicine. Therefore due to societal and economic interaction, incidences of many diseases have been caused ( Giddens 1990, pg.67 ) . Because of globalisation, people from different states throughout the universe have interacted and therefore their civilizations have been intermingled. The effect of different civilization coming together is to lose the cultural individuality. It is true that globalisation has brought about alterations which threaten the application of merchandises that are made locally. For case, the handiness of new foreign goods such as nutrients in market, which might even be cheaper cost wise, have displaced the local framers who from clip and once more have been gaining a life by selling their farm green goods locally. Apart from the increased handiness of foreign-made merchandises and break of local manufacturers, globalisation has besides increased international trade that trades with cultural goods and services, for case music, publication, and films. The other states are faced with troubles in exhibiting their local cultural goods and services that they have put their attempt to bring forth, to the planetary market and therefore are unable to vie with the foreign houses. The natural effect is that the local states are noteworthy to come in those countries of influence that are occupied by multinational houses of developed states. As the trade in cultural goods and services intensifies, most of the local societies get exposed to foreign civilizations. This exposure to foreign cultural merchandises encourages alterations in local traditions, civilizations, and values. No consensus on the effects of globalisation upon national civilizations, a figure of people feel that people ‘s contact with the foreign civilization can weaken their local cultural individuality ( Friedman 1994, pg.123 ) . Most of the civilizations are now utilizing the linguistic communication of the dominant civilizations since the foreign linguistic communications such as English is dispersed really fast through cyberspace and media ( Deng 2005, pg.40 ) . English is used more frequent as compared to local linguistic communications for person to show himself or herself. It is true that in today ‘s universe most people can non be able to make their people by usage of local common people vocals and local literature and hence the cultural individuality of the earlier coevals and that of today ‘s coevals is different wholly. The native vocals, narratives, narratives, and jubilations have been replaced with modern computing machine games that are produced in assorted continents, and hence an single becomes portion of the planetary and general civilization ( Featherstone 1996, pg.76 ) . Decision Globalization is a really of import term that can be defined in a assortment of ways, one of which is, the motion toward communications, fiscal, economic, and trade integrating. Globalization is besides seen to imply opening out beyond chauvinistic and local positions to a wider mentality of an interdependent and interrelated universe through free transportation of goods, services, and capital over national frontiers. It is closely related to international trade which can be defined as the exchange of goods, services, and capital across districts or national boundary line. The addition in the international trade enhances the continuation of globalisation. If there were no international trade, so seemingly states would non acquire entree to the assortment of goods and services produced in different states of the universe. Merely like many other issues, globalisation has got its ain strengths and failing to the planetary universe. It has been seen that globalisation has got its strengths on the promotion of universe economic systems. Many states in the universe have experienced the positive effects of globalisation, for case poorness has been reduced to greatest extent, modern and new methods of production have been realized, a good figure of employment chances have been created, and most states have obtained the advanced modern engineering among many other strengths. In malice of all these benefits of globalisation, it has besides been found that globalisation has its ain negative impacts on universe economic systems. Globalization has encouraged spread of diseases, and has brought about loss of cultural individuality among many other failings.

Mid-Term Notes

Midterm and Final Review Pre-Media GRA 323 Final 70-80 questions Job planning (folding dummies, laysheet plans, calculations) 25% of final mark Review WP. Of laysheet and folding dummies Calculations how many plates- press sheets- how many times through press. ————————————————- Study * Media box> Trim box > art box * Preflight what it is * The specs for the job. * Four areas of preflighting colors * Trapping> what it is > why * 4 types of trapping > over print> chock * Trapping distort the lighter colour> dark makes shape * Lightness> measures through grey scale Separate colour> comp * Trapping tolerance> ? row dots * Job planning > who does them> what it is> determine specs> where do we start (we talk to bindery) * Bindery considerations * Press consideration> colours, impositions> enough units * Press sheet size * Job specs> double check > * Basic steps to good job planni ng * Imposition> signature, pages, forms> where do we need the least space> not needed * Know EACH IMPOSITION STYPE * Head orientations * Number up, number out * Folding dummy, laysheet plan * One laysheet plan for every form * Kodak Preps (part of a workflow) Preps signature > imposition * Prep job> run list> placeholder> not same a printegy there are different orders * Preps marks, text marks variable data ————————————————- ————————————————- Lectures Week 1-6 Notes Week 2 Preflighting I Preflighting Introduction & Manual * Preflighting is not always done by one person. * The client can fix it as well * Press errors include trapping, too many colours, etc * Fonts are still the biggest problems regarding pre-flight because of the different types of fonts there ar e.DO NOT USE CITY FONTS. Manual & Software Assisted * You should change the size / crop the image in Photoshop, so that it’s size-as in inDesign. * Do not use . gif images, and you can sort of get away with . jpg but it is not advised. * Link every image, and make sure it’s updated. * For vectors, you should stick with . ai, . pdf, . eps. * Less editable Week 6 Imposition I * What is imposition? It’s the placement of the pages so when I fold the press sheet it creates a book with the least amount of work. * Minimize waste, maximize press sheet. * Passes: Can we do it in one job? Make sure you always communicate with bindery because they technically determine how the job should be handled. * Signature: Double-sided sheet meant to be folded down. * Approximately 5 common styles of imposition: * Sheetwise / Sheetwork (SW) * Perfecting * Work & Turn * Work & Tumble/Flop * Flatwork * Form: one side of a signature * Page/Folio: one page – single side of a page or paper. * Sheet: One piece of substrate * 1-up/out: One set of sheet makes one final product. * Tumble flips the sheet over. * Must cut paper before printing for perfect size.Make sure the length of the sheet is the same on all sheets to ensure proper registration. * Flatwork is a job that does not require any sheet work. It is usually a single sided sheet. Imposition Styles Sheetwork * Most Common Layout * Different Plates sets for front and back forms * Requires two side guides, maintains same side guides * Lead edge never changes * 1 up/ 1out * Lip and QC Bar are always opposite of gripper * Uses one set of plates for both sides * Front and back pages on single plate * Lead edge does not change * Side guide CHANGE * 1 up/ 2 out * Uses one set of plates for both sides * One set of plates for both sides Side grippers remains same * Gripper edges changes * Sheet is cut in half after printing and results in two identical signatures * Is considered sheetwork but sheet tumbles betwee n units similar to work and tumble * Two sets of plate need * Side guides stay the same * In single pass sheet will tumble between units and print on both sides ————————————————- Lab Notes Demos Lab # 2: Document Construction Palettes * Separation Preview. Is a good tool for preflighting and running a diagnostics of your plates * Swatches. Delete the colors you are not using decreases file size * Info.Tells you the x,y and w x h * Links. Lets you know if your images are compatible with the file and allows you to update them Indesign * In inDesign, you must have the swatches and separation preview palette open. * Switch content to graphic or text. Photoshop Duo-tone. Gray scaled image. In Photoshop, you go to Image > Mode > Duotone. * BE CAREFUL OF THE COLOUR NAMES. It doesn’t support . TIFF so stay with . psd * The ppi is an info palette, make sure the ppi matches t o document output. * For the student directory you can have a color that looks like a cmyk BUT it cannot be a spot color.Lab # 4 Trapping Demo What is Trapping? * Trapping is a prepress procedure that introduces areas of color into color separations. When printed, these areas obscure potential register errors * These errors are usually caused by the paper shifting or changing shape while it is printed, or by presses or plates that are out of register. * Trapping introduces corrective color elements to a printing job In the process of trapping, new elements are added to the color separations. When printed, these elements compensate for potential problems on the press. Types of Trapping Simple trapping elements are called â€Å"spreads† and â€Å"chokes. † Refer to Powerpoint * Two types of trapping: Ink trapping for text, object trapping – two colour objects that touch each other. * inDesign > Preferences > Appearance of black. Make sure black is 100% and not ric h black. Overprint fill – Includes all the colour so it shows in all the plates. WE WANT TO OVERPRINT. * There’s attributes, separation preview, swatches palette. * Trapping is virtually the same in inDesign and Illustrator. * Overprint small black type: Output Questions to ask before Preflighting 1. What are the specs of the job? * Safety * Bleeds * lpi * Size of document * Color process 4/cp or 2/cp * 2. Are there any spot colors? If yes what are they? Preflighting Profile Preflight panel * Keep the button on. It check everything you do and detects any error while the file is still open * Define profiles.For the lpi you can possibly get away with 1. 5 x lpi instead of the 2 x lpi rule ————————————————- After Mid-Term Lectures Week 8-12 Notes Week 8 Impositions High Folio and Low Folio. Low folio consists of pages in the front half of a signature. High foli o refers to the pages in the back half of the signature. * The dividing line is the center spread. 1/4†³ extra material on the back of the page or pages of an insert or signature needed on the saddle stitcher to pull open the piece. â€Å"High folio† is a reference to higher page numbers in the back of the publication. These terms are applied almost exclusively to saddle stitch binding, where wire stitches are used to bind the magazine along its spine. * A lip is an extension of one side of the signature beyond the other side. In a high lip the high folio side extends beyond the low folio side of the signature. A low folio lip is just the opposite. # Up, # Out (e. g 1 up/ 1 out) †¢ How many of the same image up on a sheet (In this case 1 image), how many copies of each image you get out of the sheet when cut (in this case 1). Lead Edge/Trail Edge †¢ Lead edge is the edge of the sheet that enters the press first (gripper).The trail edge is the other end. Registr ation is tighter on the lead edge Folding Dummies. Is essential a mock version of your actual book. It provides readers with a look of how the impositions will look like and whether the images on the page will work or not. * Folding dummies are an essential step in the proofing process. They can help you catch mistakes like misaligned text, bleeds that do not meet along the fold, and a number of other possible errors or miscalculations. A dummy helps plan the imposition †¢ Some important marks information should be included on a dummy, like: 1. Gripper edge 2.Side guide 3. Spine 4. Heads 5. Lip * Template numbers are always circled * Needs to be assembled for the correct binding method – saddle stitch (inserting) vs. perfect binding (gathering) * Creep is the shifting position of the page in a saddle-stitched bind. Creep moves the inside pages or signatures away from the spine. * Grindoff is the 1/8 (approx. ) that is removed along the spine of gathered signatures before perfect binding Laysheet Each side of a signature will have a laysheet plan (one for each set of plates) * Except for Work and Turn or Work and Tumble * When creating a laysheet, keep in mind: Plate gripper is NOT a part of the laysheet * Paper gripper allowance is * Do not forget Colour control bars (QC Bar) * Work & Tumble and Perfecting require extra * space on backup side (gripper) Week 9 Kodak Preps Imposition Templates * Preps XL Designed for on demand printing solutions * Preps Plus for the commercial printing industry and is the most widely used version around the world * Preps Pro designed for both of the above as well as web includes support for OPI, multi-section templates for imposing more than one signatures on a press sheet, AppleScript as well as web growth compensation.Preps is an industry leading imposotion softwar that can be used as a standalone application or as part of an advance workflow. * As a job is created, the job is previewed in real time. Zoom in on sin gle pages or complete signatures, including marks. When you change a mark, or a page or a layout’s properties, the preview instantly updates, providing an instant check for potential errors. * Use the SmartMarks Software feature to place marks or groups of marks on press sheets, and save them in templates. The marks are placed relative to the sheet size, gutter, or page (rather than static placement).SmartMarks automatically reposition and resize themselves when press sheet sizes change. * When a complex imposition is ready, you can print a report of the detailed job plan, for signoffs, or to include with the job ticket. Then output JDF information with the folding and cutting data, to speed up post press operations. Preps Templates. Contain collections of generic reusable signature for imppsing prep jobs. When you select and apply a signature from a template to a job preps flows the job pages through the signature framework to produce imposed outputs. Basic Preps TemplatePre ps Signatures. Are like containers for signature each of which contain information about a specific press sheet size. * Each template has one binding style * Signature are added to preps job for creating your imposition file Preps Imposition. An imposition container is added to each preps signature that holds your instructions about how and where the pages are to be place on the press sheet. Impositions defined the number of pages in signature the final page size and the head orientation of pages. The template with signature and imposition defined preps job.A file is a staging ground for the final imposition. It combines input files and imposed signatures. It uses a run list to organize imposition pages. With outputting the template of preps we need to create a unpopulated adobe job ticket to use with the RIP. It does not have files or pages assigned to the imposition. Side Guide Marks (Bounce Mark). Indicates positioning of the side guides on press Text Marks. Used to convey inform ation about the job. It can be static or variable. Static. Is inunt at the time the electronic imposition is created and does not change Variable.Use predefined variables to represent certain text that will be extracted from the job at the time of output Week 10 Kodak Prinergy Originally developed in 1999 through a partnership between creo and Heidelberg It is connected to PDF native workflow it is a server-based solution accessed through client software Prinergy centralizes and integrate processes for: PDF Production Resources for fonts and images Normalize Preflight- similar to what we have already done Colour management and spot colours Tapping Optimize (image workflow OPI, resolution and colour spaces ImpositionsKodak Viural Proff * separates the files * imposed press sheet * RIPped dot proof * Week 11 Job planning and imposition Planning a job 1. Determine the max number of pages on a press sheet Take the max press size and divided this by the length and width of the page inclu ding bleeds Then take the max number out this equals the number of pages side to side multiply by two and you get the number of pages to a sheet 2. Break down jobs into signatures How many pages can be in each signature Max 8 pages for sheetwise and perfecting Max 4 pages for work and turn and work and tumbleThere are a total of 12 pages so, 8 pgs sheet wise and 1 4pg work and turn 3. Create fold and label dummies Folding dummies determine the imposition order 4. Create laysheet plans 5. Calculate number of press sheet plates and passes required Week 12 Imposition consideration web offset About we Roll of continues paper * The principles are the same but the difference is you print on rolls * Print on both sides at once. * Print blanket to blanket * 10-15 000 impressions an hour * No gripper and no side guide. Because you feed the paper into the web press. * Run everything to the center of the web. Weed edge * Has impact on imposition * It is the workhorse of magazine printing. The way the job is run through a web press has an impact on the job’s imposition A Web Offset Press In line folder. The web is coming off printing units and gets folded in half. Planning a web job Limitations. Image length and the length of any cut off. Only one options to cut off sheet therefore it must be maximized. Web sheet The sheet length- or repeat length b. c its one circumference of the sheet length Where does the waste come from? Plate gripper and blanket gripper Web imposition You cannot print a web twice