How to Pick Your Safety Schools

Safety schools can be difficult to pick because it’s often hard to find ones that we like. Schools with great academics are usually highly selective, while educational standards at safeties can be subpar. Nonetheless, we all need to add a decent number of safeties to our lists just in case other colleges don’t work out. Only apply to schools you want to go to Just because it’s a safety, doesn’t mean you’re allowed to hate it. No matter what happens, you want to feel excited for college. So even in the worst-case scenario, your last choice is still a school you love. You’ll feel reassured that you’ll be okay, even if your grades substantially drop. Be sure it’s a safety Acceptance rates are growing lower and lower at most schools these days. A college you thought was a safety may have become more of a target or even a reach. Check that statistics on accepted students’ GPA and SAT scores are up to date. The whole point of a safety is that you’re almost completely positive that you’ll get in. So you need to be sure that you’re correctly classifying these schools. Don’t worry about other people’s opinions Like with reach schools, other people’s opinions don’t matter. Think about how you’ll feel when you get to that college and people from high school are a distant memory. Will you be happy and satisfied? If yes, then apply. Treat safeties like reaches Research the school thoroughly. Try to visit the campus. Put as much effort into applying as you would with a reach school. This way, you’ll get to know the school better, which will allow you to truly decide if you like it. Also, by making sure your application is the best it can be, you’ll ensure your acceptance even more.

Victorian Gothic Literature Scientific vs. Medieval...

Victorian Gothic Literature: Scientific vs. Medieval Thinking Creatures of the night have always held a fascination and horror for people in all cultures. The English fascination with sensational and gothic literature came to a peak, after slacking slightly following the Romantic period, in the late Victorian period with such works as Dracula, The Strange Adventures of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and The Picture of Dorian Gray. The literate populace avidly devoured this type of literature. While most publishers merely churned out serial horror stories en masse, such as Varney the Vampyre, many serious writers used this genre as a means to force their audience to think about their beliefs. Serious Victorian Gothic literature plays†¦show more content†¦Even though the Victorians werent sure what to believe yet, they knew truth was out there somewhere. All they had to do was find it. For many Victorians, the obvious answer was to turn to science. Science was methodical, made sense and was rapidly improving the quality of life. Trains were speeding up travel, many goods were produced more easily and cheaply because of factories and doctors were discovering more efficient ways to deal with disease. Moreover, science provided a system of dealing with the world that left very little in doubt. Where faith required blind belief in abstract and elusive things, the scientific method presented a way of examining the world that produced definite, provable answers. Victorians turned to science as a way to rediscover Truth. The Victorian era was one of transition, and it was this transition, the removal of old beliefs, to be replaced in new, that resulted in the lack of something definite to believe in (Houghton 2,14). The Victorians believed they were breaking with the medieval world, yet at the same time they idealized it. In fact there were a few extremists who, according to Matthew Arnold, hoped to retain or restore the whole system of the middle Ages (Houghton 2). In an England that was continually pushing forward, expanding its boundaries and dabbling in the science and

Countries, Nationalities, and Languages in French

Using the names of  countries around the world is fairly easy  if you have memorized them. This is an easy vocabulary lesson because the French names are very similar to what you are used to saying in English. The only tricky part is making sure you use the correct prepositions, which change with the gender of the country or continent youre discussing. Beyond the country name itself, we will learn the word describing the nationality of a countrys residents and the names of the primary languages spoken. Plus, we will review the names for the worlds continents.   Note that the additional letters required to make nationalities and  adjectives feminine are indicated in parentheses after the relevant words. Finally,  wherever you see a little speaker after a name, you can click on it and hear the word pronounced. The Continents (Les Continents) There are the seven continents of the world; seven is the prevailing convention at present, while some countries list six continents and others, five. Notice the similarities between the English and French names. The adjectives are very similar and can be used to describe the residents of each continent. Continent In French Adjective Africa Afrique Africain(e) Antarctica Antarctique Asia Asie Asiatique Australia Australie Australien(ne) Europe Europe Europà ©en(ne) North America Amà ©rique du Nord Nord-Amà ©ricain(e) South America Amà ©rique du Sud Sud-Amà ©ricain(e) Languages and Nationalities (Les Langues  et  Les  Nationalità ©s) It would be a very long list if we were to include every country in the world, so only a small selection is included in this lesson. It is designed to give you an idea of how countries, nationalities, and languages are translated between English and French; its intended as an indicative list, not a comprehensive list of countries. That said, we do have a comprehensive list of the French names for the worlds countries  elsewhere, which you do well to  review. For nationalities, the proper  noun  and adjective are exactly the same, except the proper noun is capitalized, while the adjective is not capitalized.  Thus:  un Amà ©ricain  but  un type amà ©ricain. You will also note that the masculine adjective for many of these countries is spelled and pronounced just like the languages.   Only the primary languages for each country are included in the list, though many countries have citizens who speak many languages. Also, note that the names of the languages are always masculine and are not capitalized. Country Name Name In French Nationality Language(s) Algeria Algà ©rie Algà ©rien(ne) l'arabe, le franà §ais Australia Australie Australien(ne) l'anglais Belgium Belgique Belge le flamand, le franà §ais Brazil Brà ©sil Brà ©silien(ne) le portugais Canada Canada Canadien(ne) le franà §ais, l'anglais China Chine Chinois(e) le chinois Egypt Egypte Égyptien(ne) l'arabe England Angleterre Anglais(e) l'anglais France France Franà §ais(e) le franà §ais Germany Allemagne Allemand(e) l'allemand India Inde Indien(ne) l'hindi (plus many others) Ireland Irlande Irlandais(e) l'anglais, l'irlandais Italy Italie Italien(ne) l'italien Japan Japon Japonais(e) le japonais Mexico Mexique Mexicain(e) l'espagnol Morocco Maroc Marocain(e) l'arabe, le franà §ais Netherlands Pays-Bas Nà ©erlandais(e) le nà ©erlandais Poland Pologne Polonais(e) le polonais Portugal Portugal Portugais(e) le portugais Russia Russie Russe le russe Senegal Sà ©nà ©gal Sà ©nà ©galais(e) le franà §ais Spain Espagne Espagnol(e) l'espagnol Switzerland Suisse Suisse l'allemand, le franà §ais, l'italien United States United Stats Amà ©ricain(e) l'anglais

E Commerce A Great Idea Can Only Get You So Far With...

Starting any business is inherently difficult. A great idea can only get you so far with limited funds. E-commerce sites face this same struggle. While there is more to beginning startups than simply fundraising, it will eventually become essential. Luckily, there are many avenues startups can take in order to raise the funds needed to establish a business, help grow a business, and sometimes even find new customers and grow a new business’ niche audience. All types of investing has risks, pros and cons. Depending on what startup you are developing, it is important to know your different funding opportunities. ANGEL INVESTING An angel investor is an individual who provides seed money for starting a business, or ongoing support to help†¦show more content†¦Angel investors do expect a certain rate of return, but also offer the greatest range in amount of investment. Again, these can be family members or an investor. Depending on who is investing, amounts of money or expertise will vary. Keep in mind, whenever you give up part ownership of your business, you may be fighting over decisions with your investors at later times. VENTURE CAPITALIST Venture capitals generally invest in startups expecting to see a profit. They are capitalists and entrepreneurs who tend to be business savvy to some degree. They have deep pockets, so they can usually invest more than the typical angel investor. Venture capitalists may have a stronger desire to be part of the consulting and management efforts, which depending on your investor could be a great asset. Be wary, as this can easily become a hurdle if your investor and you have different visions for your startup. An investment from a venture capitalist would be perfect for larger startups or e-commerce sites since investors have more equity to invest. They can also offer their expertise in guiding your business to a successful and profitable business venture. In fact, may even decide to bring their other deep-pocketed friends around if they really believe in your company. An investment from an investment capitalist would be perfect for larger startups or e-commerce sites since investors have more equity to

Essay on The Role of Methodology in Developmental Research

The Role of Methodology in Developmental Research Developmental psychology may be defined as a branch psychology devoted to understanding all changes that human beings, experience throughout the lifespan (Berk. E. L 2003). Developmental psychology focuses hugely on development in childhood, as major changes occur in childhood, it is the scientific study of ‘how we grow and develop’, (Davenport 1994). Developmental psychology aims to understand the important aspects of cognition, socialisation, emotional development, and personality development through childhood to adulthood. ‘Researchers are captivated by and want to understand the fascinating, complex, and often surprising arrays of behaviours†¦show more content†¦The Child engages in active and rapid change in development, thus different aspects and stages are studied using different techniques and methods, depending on the depth and aims of study. There are many methods applied to studying children, the methodology is selected specific to the rese archers purpose and aims. The most common methods are observations, in particular, naturalistic observation, interviews, correlation study, case study/single case design, longitudinal study. Cross cross-cultural studies are often incorporated, which offers a critical analysis and a ethnocentric view. All methodology must be ethically approved of, and follow the BPS guidelines, there is often ethical issues in developmental research. Naturalistic observation is an opportunity for researchers to see how children behave, by observing them in a natural setting, and record the behaviour of interest; in their homes, playground, or classroom setting, generally an environment that is a part of their everyday lives. This method attempts to achieve the ultimate goal of developmental psychology of describing and explaining changes in behaviour that naturally occur. A study by Ginsburg, Pappas, and Seo, (2001), for example used naturalistic observation to assess the degree to which pre-school-age children used mathematical concepts in theirShow MoreRelatedModern Medicine And Technology As A Research Assistant At The Piano Laboratory992 Words   |  4 PagesWhile research represents overcoming the limitations of contemporary medicine and technology, medicine represents the connection between the applications of research towards patient care. Working as a Research Assistant at the Piano Laboratory, I have an interest in developmental biology. At the Piano Lab, I assist my mentor, Patricia Giselle Cipriani, and her project on the usage of RNAi on ovary-expressed genes and of time-lapse microscopy in order to better understand a comprehensive molecularRead MoreAbstract. 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Postpartum Depression Screening Scale †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale. Answer: Introduction: During the first few days of pregnancy and after childbirth, a woman experiences a whirlpool of emotions. These emotional experiences can be of a wide variety and the new mother may feel in several different ways including happiness, bliss and joy, which are most understandable for a mother. However, she also becomes prone to emotions that are not so gleeful. Sadness and helplessness are the two most widely experienced emotions that a new mother comes across, which is often referred to as baby blues (O'hara and McCabe 2013). While most of the women who experience these emotional turmoil post childbirth, overcome the problems within one or two weeks, there are some who experience something more severe and extreme management (Bina and Harrington 2016). The grim and gloomy feelings can be attributed to sudden hormonal changes while pregnancy and shortly after childbirth. While this is a serious issue for even the people who are living in the advanced countries, who have all the privileg es and advantages of the world, one should try and imagine the ordeal that migrant women face. Anxiety can become much more intense when a mother is already facing problems of persecution and has to leave her own country to seek refuge in another. The current report would take a look into the problems that entail of becoming a mother who has to flee the securities and assurances of her own home and try to understand the severity and the magnitude of the problem (Mehta et al. 2014). Right after childbirth the hormone levels in a womans body drop, leading to chemical changes in her brain which cause mood swings. Sleep deprivation that arises from the need to take care of the newborn child can lead to further deterioration in the health condition of the women. Postpartum depression is not a weakness of character, it is a medical and mental complication that arises from childbirth. When this postpartum psychosis develops among women, it is of dire need to efficiently tackle the issues because otherwise it would lead to long lasting depression that may have a permanent impact on the psyche on the mothers (Putnam et al. 2017). If not treated, postpartum depression (PPD) can become a big obstacle while carrying out daily routines and chores. That is what that makes the current research so important: without treating PPD, women who are suffering from this cannot be ensured a life that is safe and secured. It is the responsibility of the society to extend its help to th e women and give them a healthy and good life (De Choudhury et al. 2014). Migration is one of the most important issues in the modern day world. When countries and regions are riddled with war and civil problems, many people are facing persecution in their own countries and are being forced to leave their homelands. The political, social and mental pressure that these people experience are traumatizing, forever changing their lives. (Falah-Hassani et al. 2015) When women who have already been forced to migrate are giving birth in a different country, the complexities intensify and the impact is compounded exponentially. There are not many research or literature that talks about the trauma and the hardships faced by migrating mothers and how the political and personal spheres merge to pose as a monolithic obstacle in their lives. What little research and literature are available mostly talk about quantitative aspects of a research and try to give statistical data that try to answer questions that yield numerical results, pertaining to the knowledge of how m any? or try to give trends about what percentage or fraction of the migrating women face post childbirth mental problems. The current research would try to look into the humane aspects of dealing with a problem that tries to provide mental support to those who are already undergoing physical hardship (Alhasanat, Fry?McComish and Yarandi 2017). Although there has been some work on PPD, the effects of it on immigrant women has not been given the importance it needs. That is probably because it is not seen as a feasible problem yet. Despite being ignored or overlooked, it is a real issue and needs to be addressed promptly (Katz and Gagnon 2016). This current paper aims to shed light on this matter and try to make people aware about the problems PPD creates for the women who have to migrate. There is a significant gap in the available literature that shows the complexity of the psychological problems that the women have regarding PPD and the effects it has when coupled with the problem of immigration. The cultural, social and spiritual aspects are not taken into account as much as they should be (OMahony et al. 2013). This paper would try to bridge that gap and give possible solutions that may help to give the women suffering from PPD more support as well as trying to sympathize with their problems rather than shunning them away to take yup the burden on their own. Research questions What are the effects of postpartum depression on the immigrant women? How do the social and political merge with the personal spheres and how do they shape the mental condition of the immigrant women suffering from PPD? To analyze the conditions that the new mothers face when they have to give birth in a country they are forced to live in To come up with feasible solutions and plans that would aim to give support these new mothers Help more people to know and understand about this issue and help to spread empathy so that nobody has to feel mentally pressurized anymore Theoretical framework There are still not enough literature or theories that can be a formidable base for the trauma that the women face in this issue. Even less amount of research has happened when it comes to the ordeal of the immigrant women. There are some basic frameworks that provide the basis of the research at hand (Depression 2015). To understand and appropriately fathom their misery, we must first get a fair idea about what postpartum depression is and how does it affect the mothers. There are some symptoms which can help to understand whether someone has been suffering from PPD. These include Feeling sad or depressed throughout the day Crying for no apparent reason An intense feeling of anxiousness Disorder in eating Sudden mood swings Keeping to ones self and avoiding other people Not having an overwhelming attachment to the newborn Thoughts of self-harm or upon the baby Nurturing doubts about her ability to care for the child PPD can develop during pregnancy and in some cases does not even fester until after a few months post childbirth. In extreme cases this can lead to cases of hallucination, paranoia and thoughts of harming ones self or her baby can become overpowering (Mertens 2014). Postpartum depression can be triggered by a lot of factors. Women who already have past cases of mental health issues or depression face even greater risks of falling into the grasp of this issue. Hormonal changes in the body that occur during times of pregnancy and after childbirth is one of the biggest factors of PPD to set in (Wittkowski, Patel and Fox 2017). If there are any additional problems that has the individual thinking about it during the childbirth., then chances are the effects of PPD will be amplified. PPD can be triggered if the social construct is not very strong and cannot provide the mother with the support and the care that she requires during the pregnancy period and just after childbirth. In cases where the women are made to leave from their own country and go seek refuge somewhere else this social pressure is immense and often not well handled by most. PPD is often been observed to be more powerful when the child has special needs and/or are specially abled (Wi sner et al., 2013). This compounds the burdens of childcare and often leads to severe cases of depression. It is very difficult for a woman to handle this own her own, even more so if the woman is a single parent. Only a health care provider can give her special care and bring her out of the mental state where she faces only torment with herself, coupled with feelings of guilt, embarrassment and other self-derogatory thoughts. Symptoms and infestation of this syndrome is different in every person and this problem has to be dealt with in very unique ways (Higginbottom et al. 2016). It must be remembered that a health care professional has the training to properly talk to these women regarding their problems and plan a recovery process accordingly. If everyday women face these problems after childbirth and during pregnancy, then it is only natural to understand why would this effect be even stronger and more serious for those who are immigrants. The security of ones own home and country are very assuring and the loss of this sense of security when she is vulnerable physically and mentally, would lead to a heightened effect t on the mothers. The amount of research on the effects of PPD on immigrant women is still inadequate even though the overall concern about this form of depression has gained more attention and more and more people are opening about the evils that entail this problem and trying to provide support and care to those who need it. This paper is taking the aspect of the trauma that are faced by the immigrant women and the compounded effects of PPD on them. Immigrants, both males and females, face unique set of challenges, wherever they live. These sets of challenges often create such a condition for them that may compromise their mental health and they are often seen not be given adequate care, both physically and mentally. For the women, this is even more intense because women are still looked at as being dependent on the males and a liberal view is still not established in many places of the world. Moreover, if the women are in their postpartum period in these times, it only increases the chances of PPD. While some of the countries help the women to overcome their problems as being a part of the society, there are wide cultural differences across the planet and some cultures only instigate the mental condition of the women so much that they are more engulfed in the mental depression. Research design While the bulk of the work on PPD has not been done while keeping the immigrant women in the focus, the few that do, are more bent towards trying to find the percentages and numbers, that show how many women are suffering from this and how big is that number among the total population. These fractions and numbers often fail to address the humane side of the problem and hence lacks the intimacy it should have provided to the women suffering from this, rather than just indicating how many of them are suffering and not do anything about that. This paper would try to input that aspect into the researches and devise methods that would enable to best understand the mentality and the views of the immigrant women suffering from PPD. The current paper hopes to come up with strategies and methods that would help to understand the ordeal of the immigrant women suffering from PPD in a better way all the while taking a more personal and intimate approach while interacting with these women (Ritchie et al. 203). This would give more insights and a better understanding about the problems and the aspects where the women feel most depressed about or the point which make them hold the most amount of grievance (Ormston et al. 2014). These personal account and their own reflections about their own problems will give much more reliable data that would enable to provide better and more inclusive care to these women. There can be many different strategies that may be adopted which shall facilitate in this research management. Since this research is more inclined towards doing a qualitative research, the methods that are going to be prescribed here will be more biased towards trying to take a look at the problem of PPD on immigrant women in a more theoretical terms, which would be more reliant on literature and not just numerical analysis. Few of the methods that are going to be adopted are, photo voice method, diary writing and drawing method. These methods have been because of the simple reason that the people who are to be interviewed or questioned are highly vulnerable in terms of mental stability. No conventional qualitative analysis method can be of help here, and the chosen methods have been seen to be more intimate and compassionate in previous researches in other fields. Some of these methods may even be alienating for some of the people and be counter-productive for the purpose of the research as a whole. On the contrary, the methods that have been chosen for the current research are more empathizing in terms of compassion and have been used before for researches relating to feminism studies and have proved themselves more useful than the conventional methods. Drawing method: Some researchers have adopted this style to gather information from people who feel they are mentally vulnerable and yet require themselves to be more expressive while talking about their problems. The drawing method gives the people who are being interviewed an advantage in terms of expressing themselves more. The subjects are to be given drawing tools and would be asked to draw whatever they feel like or how they think they can best visually express their own perception about their problems. In many cases, drawing method is paired with writing methods that further enables the subjects to express their feelings and help the research by clearly defining what they are thinking or what do their paintings mean. This particular method has been more used in the research with children because they often lack the words or the vocabulary that help in the research, or cannot properly fathom their own problems, simply because they cannot yet comprehend the magnitude of the issu e. This aspect gives this method an advantage by making sure that this is a depiction of pure emotions of the women and not polluted by social dogma. Photo elicitation: This is a method that uses visual images to help the test subjects to elicit expressions and comments. This would be helping the women to express themselves through a medium, making it easier for them to tell exactly how they feel. This method gives space and is open to interpretation. This particular point would facilitate in the understanding of the unique problems of the immigrant women suffering from PPD (Taylor Bogdan and DeVault 2015). This method would give important insights about the problems they face and how they perceive their problems. Diary method: Asking the women who are going through PPD is to write their own minds is a good way to communicate. Many women are not comfortable conversing with people in interviews and feel more at ease if they are asked to write on paper. Making them keep a diary log would be beneficial in the aspect that it would give data for over a period of time. While most other methods are done within a short span of time and maybe are even competed in one day. This method, on the other hand, would be requiring the women to keep a log book and this would help the research to gather information about how they are feeling in a day-to-day basis. Valuable information regarding the mood swings can be obtained. Moreover, it can also be observed what are the triggers for the depression to set in and what circumstances can lead to PPD to become more intense. Surroundings and circumstantiality can be noticed and the research may give important results that would help any further research to look into the conditions in which these women are staying, to try and alter those conditions so that they can be helped to come out of it. Arts based research: It is often said that an individual can best express what she or he is feeling through art. Giving the women complete autonomy or freedom when asking them to use art as a mode of expressing themselves can be of huge advantage management. This method would also be beneficial in terms of understanding the difference in how every woman feels. How PPD influences every woman in unique ways would be shed much light upon as every woman would be giving some different interpretation regarding their problems or the adversities they face every day. This means that a possible trend might be understood so that probable precautions may be taken to prevent from these situations to even happening. Apart from these methods several other methods like body mapping or online research can also be done. Online research has the advantage of being able to reach people who do not live nearby by using the internet. This would help the women to talk to the researchers without being physical present there, and this would also help the women to ne more comfortable to talk without having to face them in face. A group of 200 women who have either mental health problems in the past or are suffering from now have been identified. All of them are in different stages of pregnancy and some of them have underwent childbirth a few weeks to a two months prior to the research. The data that is collected from different surveys and interviews are all very intimate and personal. The research must not reproduce these data anywhere in any form without prior notice to the, or consent of the owners of the data. Every research should have an ethical base that would set the moral compass of the research and this paper is no different (Cohen, Manion and Morrison 2013). Confidentiality must be maintained in the research and whatever data is to be analyzed, must be done so with the permission of the people who provided the data. Timeline Main activity 1st month 2nd month 3rd month and 4th month 5th month and 6th month 7th month and 8th month Identify the targeted women who are to be interviewed Implementation the effective strategies as per the recognized subjects Monitor the implemented strategy Changes if required Finalise the plan and strategy Limitations The proposed paper will help the immigrant women suffering from PPD in many ways by trying to understand their problems and their own perceptions about their hardships or the things and methods that they believe would help them to get out of this situations (Zhao et al. 2013). The paper would be successfully delivering a more personal account of the women and unique care plan can be made based on the results and the collected data. But this paper has some limitations of its own, as is true with any research paper of methodologies. The obvious problem, that is also the biggest setback of the research, is that it has only focused upon a group of women in a specific country (Banks and Zeitlyn 2015). This is a huge problem and limitation because of the sheer fact that this cannot give enough data. Every country that has immigrants provide each individual with a different set of problems as well as well as privileges. The laws of the countries prove to be problematic for some, while other s find it in favor of their lifestyle and views or ideologies they believe in are in cohesion with the operations and constitution of the hosting country. What must be kept in mind is that every country runs in its own way and every rule and law is different in every country. This disparity across the countries pose the obvious problem of not being all taken into account. Another very important side to this problem is that every country has immigrants from multiple countries (Ganann et al. 2016). This means everyone comes from different backgrounds and the ideologies and beliefs of every individual is different. This also becomes a problem since the moral strata of some individual are bound to clash with the state. This clash results in social and political seclusion for many and often intensifies the effects of PPD on the women. For the lack of funds, time and other resources all of the immigration cases and situations or conditions could not be observed, which means the results of the paper and the recommendations are only partially true: they are right in some cases, but may be completely different in other spheres, where a whole different set of parameters are in play. While it is not possible to analyze every single event, it must be tried to reduce that defect as much as possible (Dennis and Dowswell 2013). Conclusion PPD is a serious issue that needs to be talked about more. Some women face extreme difficulties, having unable to do any of their daily work and constrain her own movements by confining herself mentally. This needs to be dealt with as soon as possible. As severe as their problem is, the issue is more serious for immigrant women. Their ordeal is much given the fact they do not have the privilege of living in their country and the emotional ground is already vulnerable. This research is focused on trying to look into the psychological aspect of the immigrant women suffering from PPD and is aimed towards trying to understand things from a theoretical point of view and using a more compassionate way of approach, rather than just looking for the numbers. Hence, all the researchers need is, a little sympathy for those who are suffering. References Alhasanat, D., Fry?McComish, J. and Yarandi, H.N., 2017. Risk For Postpartum Depression Among Immigrant Arabic Women in the United States: A Feasibility Study.Journal of Midwifery Womens Health,62(4), pp.470-476. Banks, M. and Zeitlyn, D., 2015.Visual methods in social research. Sage. Bina, R. and Harrington, D., 2016. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: screening tool for postpartum anxiety as well? Findings from a confirmatory factor analysis of the Hebrew version.Maternal and child health journal,20(4), pp.904-914. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013.Research methods in education. Routledge. De Choudhury, M., Counts, S., Horvitz, E.J. and Hoff, A., 2014, February. Characterizing and predicting postpartum depression from shared facebook data. InProceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing(pp. 626-638). ACM. Dennis, C.L. and Dowswell, T., 2013. Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression.The Cochrane Library. Depression, P., 2015. Heterogeneity of postpartum depression: a latent class analysis.The Lancet Psychiatry,2(1), pp.59-67. Falah-Hassani, K., Shiri, R., Vigod, S. and Dennis, C.L., 2015. Prevalence of postpartum depression among immigrant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of psychiatric research,70, pp.67-82. Ganann, R., Sword, W., Thabane, L., Newbold, B. and Black, M., 2016. Predictors of postpartum depression among immigrant women in the year after childbirth.Journal of Women's Health,25(2), pp.155-165. Higginbottom, G., Morgan, M., O'Mahoney, J., Chiu, Y., Kocay, D., Forgeron, J., Alexandre, M. and Young, M., 2016. Immigrant women's experience of postpartum depression in Canada: a narrative synthesis systematic review. Katz, D. and Gagnon, A.J., 2016. Evidence of adequacy of postpartum care for immigrant women.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,34(4). Mehta, D., Newport, D.J., Frishman, G., Kraus, L., Rex-Haffner, M., Ritchie, J.C., Lori, A., Knight, B.T., Stagnaro, E., Ruepp, A. and Stowe, Z.N., 2014. Early predictive biomarkers for postpartum depression point to a role for estrogen receptor signaling.Psychological medicine,44(11), pp.2309-2322. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. OMahony, J.M., Donnelly, T.T., Bouchal, S.R. and Este, D., 2013. Cultural background and socioeconomic influence of immigrant and refugee women coping with postpartum depression.Journal of immigrant and minority health,15(2), pp.300-314. O'hara, M.W. and McCabe, J.E., 2013. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions.Annual review of clinical psychology,9, pp.379-407. Ormston, R., Spencer, L., Barnard, M. and Snape, D., 2014. The foundations of qualitative research.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers,2. Putnam, K.T., Wilcox, M., Robertson-Blackmore, E., Sharkey, K., Bergink, V., Munk-Olsen, T., Deligiannidis, K.M., Payne, J., Altemus, M., Newport, J. and Apter, G., 2017. Clinical phenotypes of perinatal depression and time of symptom onset: analysis of data from an International Consortium.The Lancet Psychiatry,4(6), pp.477-485. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Wisner, K.L., Sit, D.K., McShea, M.C., Rizzo, D.M., Zoretich, R.A., Hughes, C.L., Eng, H.F., Luther, J.F., Wisniewski, S.R., Costantino, M.L. and Confer, A.L., 2013. Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings.JAMA psychiatry,70(5), pp.490-498. Wittkowski, A., Patel, S. and Fox, J.R., 2017. The Experience of Postnatal Depression in Immigrant Mothers Living in Western Countries: A Meta?Synthesis.Clinical psychology psychotherapy,24(2), pp.411-427. Zhao, Y., Kane, I., Wang, J., Shen, B., Luo, J. and Shi, S., 2015. Combined use of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) to identify antenatal depression among Chinese pregnant women with obstetric complications.Psychiatry research,226(1), pp.113-119.

Pitfalls Of Relativism Essay Example For Students

Pitfalls Of Relativism Essay The year was 1943. Hundreds of Jewish people were being marched into the gas chambers in accordance with Adolf Hitlers orders. In the two years that followed, millions of Jews were killed and only a fraction survived the painful ordeals at the Nazi German prison camps. However, all of the chaos ended as World War II came to a close: the American and British soldiers had won and Hitlers Third Reich was no more. A certain ethical position would state that the anti-sematic Nazi German culture was neither right nor wrong in its actions. In fact, it is this view of the cultural relativist that assumes all actions considered right in a culture to be good for that culture alone. Moreover, the relativist claims that these actions cannot be judged according to their ethical correctness because there is no absolute ezdard by which they could be compared. In the above case, this position would not allow for the American and British soldiers to interfere with the Nazis; the relativist would clai m that the Allies were wrong in fighting the Germans due to a cultural disagreement. In truth, it is the relativist position which has bothnegative logical and practical consequences, and negligible benefits. The first logical consequence of relativism is that the believer must contradict himself in order to uphold his belief. The view states that all ethics are relative while putting forth the idea that no absolute ezdard of rightness exists. If this is the case, then what is cultural relativism relative to? From a purely logical point of view, this idea is absurd, for in assuming that something isrelative one must first have some absolute by which it is judged. Let the reader consider this example to reinforce the point. A young woman is five feet tall, and her older friend is six feet tall. The younger female considers herself short because she looks at her friend and sees that she is taller than her. It would be illogical to say that the first woman is short if she were the only female in existence; if this were the case then there would not be anyone for her to be relative to in height. However, this logical fallacy is what the relativist assumes by stating that there is no ezdard of rightness for relativity. Quite simply, the cultural relativist is stating that he is relative to an absolute which he considers non-existent. One other logical error that the relativist makes lies in his Cultural Differences Argument.1 The premise of this argument is thatdifferent cultures have different moral codes. The conclusion that the relativist derives is that there is no objective truth inmorality, right and wrong are only matters of opinion vary from culture to culture.2 The main logical problem with this argument is that the stated conclusion does not necessarily need to be the case if the premise is given. The premise states what different people believe to be true, and the conclusion jumps to the assumption that this belief must necessarily be the case. Let the reader consider this inezce, which closely follows the form of the above given argument. Assume that there is a society that believes that sunning as much as possible in the nude can only benefit a person. Due to scientific study, it has been experimentally shown that overexposure to the suns ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer. Being in the America n culture, people know this to be true and therefore would disagree with sunning too often. According to therelativist, since the two cultures disagree concerning the practice of sunning there is no objective truth about it. However, this is a faulty conclusion because empirical evidence shows that the first culture would be wrong in its beliefs. In truth, one cannot derive a subeztive conclusion about a subject (morally) from the mere fact that people disagree about it.3Having discussed the logical consequences of relativism, it is necessary to expound upon the effects of its practice. The first ofthese repercussions is that the culture determines what is functionally right and wrong. This means that the individual has no say in the matter, and if there is a conflict between the two, the individuals ethical belief is not given any consideration. Of course, in theory this does not seem to create an enormous problem; but let the reader consider this inezce of racial segregation in th e early 1900s. In this case, southern blacks were kept from attending white schools, and, sometimes, they were barred from an education entirely. In the southern culture, this practice was considered normal and right; the whites believed that blacks were ignorant slaves that did not deserve such things as proper schooling. The cultural relativist would state that this southern white culture was right in segregating the blacks. This is completely false. In fact, there were many intelligent blacks (Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcom X, etc.), who, if they had been given the chance, could have contributed their ideas to the white school children. Because of this, it would have been functionally right to have included such black students in the white schools. Thus, just because a culture deems an action right, it does not mean that the action is functionally correct for that culture. Humor was used in the medieval time period to expr EssayAnother remote benefit of the position is that it warns us about the danger of assuming that all our preferences are based onsome absolute rational ezdard.6 The relativist may sight the example of the mound-men, an early culture which piled their dead in the field and then covered them with mud (in the shape of a mound). His argument would be that, even though the American culture does not carry out such activities, the early culture was not objectively (or rationally) wrong. Once again, this makes good sense, for if cultures were to uphold this strict objective ezdard, then they would be culturalcentric and totally unaccepting. However, let the reader consider this example of the primitive headhunters. As part of a religious ritual, these societies would hunt and kill people from other cultures in order to keep their skulls as trophies. From the relativist perspective, the primitive culture is doing what is right for them and its practices cannot be judged as immoral. However, the action of killing without just cause is immoral, and since this culture practiced it, the culture should be said to be committing a moral outrage. In such circumezces, an absolute ezdard of morality is needed in order to halt wrong acts. One final negligible benefit of the relativist position is the idea that the position advocates keeping an open mind. The relativistwould explain that just because one cultures ideals differ from anothers, one should not automatically label these ideals as immoral. In some cases, this is quite important. The far-fetched example of aliens coming to Earth with their customs comes to mind. Here, just because this new culture may have very different, yet harmless beliefs, other cultures should not condone these beliefs. However, an example can be given in which an open mindshould not be extended. Let the reader consider the recent crisis in Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the Serbs and Croats are ethnically cleansing villages in the area. It seems quite immoral to kill others simply because of their ethnicity, yet the relativist would consider such and incident with an open mind. Obviously, there are certain events that cannot be considered in such a way. In the final analysis, it is the relativist position which has both negative logical and practical consequences, and negligiblebenefits. The logical consequences include the fact that the relativist must contradict himself in order to uphold his belief, andthat his Cultural differences Argument1 is not sound. The problems of actually practicing cultural relativism are numerous. They include the fact that the culture determines what is right and wrong, that it is impossible (being a relativist) to judge a culture morally, and that there cannot be any moral progress in a culture per-say. As discussed, the negligible benefits of cultural relativism such as tolerance, lacking of an absolute ezdard, and an open mind can only be applied to a limited range of inezces. As previously shown, extreme relativism in its vulgar and unregenerate form7 leads to stagnation of cultural morals and passive acceptance of ethicalinjustice. Of course, just as in any ethical theory, there are some things to be learned from it. One of these is the idea of not being too critical of other cultures. Also, the theory shows the importance of not becoming so culturalcentric that one looses the ability to learn from other socities. In truth, if more cultures tempered their tolerance with wisdom, then many of the evils that plague us could be effectively eliminated. End Notes1. Rachels, James. The Challenge of Cultural Relativism.Reason and Responsibility. Ed. Joel Feinberg. p. 454. 2. Rachels, p. 454. 3. Rachels, p. 454. 4. Rachels, p. 455. 5. Rachels, p. 455. 6. Rachels, p. 457. 7. Williams, Bernard. Relativism. Reason and Responsibility. Ed. Joel Feinberg. p. 451.